“…In addition, palm shell ash has a dominant silica (SiO2) content to be used as an economical and environmentally friendly filler. Modification of asphalt with natural materials has been widely carried out, such as modification of asphalt with natural materials, natural rubber, asbuton, zeolite and so on [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Current research focuses more on waste materials, reducing asphalt mixing temperatures, and energy replacement such as recycled RAP, crumb rubber, recycled aggregate, biochar, palm oil fuel ash, and bio-based binders can help reduce the environmental impact of production and maintenance of asphalt pavements as well as lower costs and improved performance of the mixture when compared with conventional materials [20][21][22][23].…”