“…Interestingly, besides IL-6, increased level of sgp130 in the maternal circulation [ 209 ] and lower release of sIL-6R from the maternal neutrophils [ 210 ] are also shown in PE patients, compared to healthy pregnant women. As previously suggested, these findings possibly indicate a compensatory mechanism to control IL-6 signaling and prevent an overactivation of the IL-6/sIL-6R pathway [ 211 , 212 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiessupporting
confidence: 69%
“…Thus, as the authors suggest, assessing the serum IL-6 level could be a feasible diagnostic criterion for GDM [ 257 ]. As observed in PE and other chronic low grade inflammations [ 258 , 259 ], the increase in the systemic IL-6 in GDM patients may be accompanied by an increase in the sgp130 concentration [ 211 ]. This finding could be indicative of a compensatory anti-inflammatory mechanism to prevent overt inflammation induced by IL-6 trans-signaling [ 211 , 212 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As observed in PE and other chronic low grade inflammations [ 258 , 259 ], the increase in the systemic IL-6 in GDM patients may be accompanied by an increase in the sgp130 concentration [ 211 ]. This finding could be indicative of a compensatory anti-inflammatory mechanism to prevent overt inflammation induced by IL-6 trans-signaling [ 211 , 212 ]. Moreover, animal studies reveal that the blockade of peripheral IL-6 trans-signaling by recombinant sgp130, induces mature-onset obesity, glucose intolerance and IR [ 260 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiesmentioning
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action, mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including protective and regenerative ones. IL-8 is a pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine with a primary function in attracting and activating neutrophils, but also implicated in a variety of other cellular processes. These two ILs are abundantly expressed at the feto-maternal interface over the course of a pregnancy and have been shown to participate in numerous pregnancy-related events. In this review, we summarize the literature data regarding their role in healthy and pathological pregnancies. The general information related to IL-6 and IL-8 functions is followed by an overview of their overall expression in cycling endometrium and at the feto-maternal interface. Further, we provide an overview of their involvement in pregnancy establishment and parturition. Finally, the implication of IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancy-associated pathological conditions, such as pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and infection/inflammation is discussed.
“…Interestingly, besides IL-6, increased level of sgp130 in the maternal circulation [ 209 ] and lower release of sIL-6R from the maternal neutrophils [ 210 ] are also shown in PE patients, compared to healthy pregnant women. As previously suggested, these findings possibly indicate a compensatory mechanism to control IL-6 signaling and prevent an overactivation of the IL-6/sIL-6R pathway [ 211 , 212 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiessupporting
confidence: 69%
“…Thus, as the authors suggest, assessing the serum IL-6 level could be a feasible diagnostic criterion for GDM [ 257 ]. As observed in PE and other chronic low grade inflammations [ 258 , 259 ], the increase in the systemic IL-6 in GDM patients may be accompanied by an increase in the sgp130 concentration [ 211 ]. This finding could be indicative of a compensatory anti-inflammatory mechanism to prevent overt inflammation induced by IL-6 trans-signaling [ 211 , 212 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As observed in PE and other chronic low grade inflammations [ 258 , 259 ], the increase in the systemic IL-6 in GDM patients may be accompanied by an increase in the sgp130 concentration [ 211 ]. This finding could be indicative of a compensatory anti-inflammatory mechanism to prevent overt inflammation induced by IL-6 trans-signaling [ 211 , 212 ]. Moreover, animal studies reveal that the blockade of peripheral IL-6 trans-signaling by recombinant sgp130, induces mature-onset obesity, glucose intolerance and IR [ 260 ].…”
Section: Il-6 and Il-8 In Selected Pregnancy Pathologiesmentioning
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an acknowledged inflammatory cytokine with a pleiotropic action, mediating innate and adaptive immunity and multiple physiological processes, including protective and regenerative ones. IL-8 is a pro-inflammatory CXC chemokine with a primary function in attracting and activating neutrophils, but also implicated in a variety of other cellular processes. These two ILs are abundantly expressed at the feto-maternal interface over the course of a pregnancy and have been shown to participate in numerous pregnancy-related events. In this review, we summarize the literature data regarding their role in healthy and pathological pregnancies. The general information related to IL-6 and IL-8 functions is followed by an overview of their overall expression in cycling endometrium and at the feto-maternal interface. Further, we provide an overview of their involvement in pregnancy establishment and parturition. Finally, the implication of IL-6 and IL-8 in pregnancy-associated pathological conditions, such as pregnancy loss, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and infection/inflammation is discussed.
“…The activation of these pathways leads to the induction of resistin gene expression and subsequent production by adipocytes (Stan et al, 2011). Moreover, the pro‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐6 acts through its receptor, IL‐6 receptor, which forms a complex with the signalling receptor glycoprotein 130 (gp130) (Kuźmicki et al, 2014). Binding of IL‐6 to this complex triggers the activation of JAK and STAT3 signalling pathways (Kuźmicki et al, 2014).…”
Section: Adipose Tissue In Health and Diseasementioning
The adipose tissue (AT) has recently been recognized as an important endocrine organ that plays a crucial role in energy metabolism and in the immune response in multiple metabolic tissues. With this regard, emerging evidence indicates that an important crosstalk exists between the AT and the brain. However, the AT contribution in the development of age‐related diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remains poorly defined. New studies suggest that the AT modulates brain function through multiple bioactive factors known as adipokines, which can cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) to reach the brain target‐areas or even regulate the BBB function. In this review, we discuss the effect of multiple adipokines in the BBB physiology, their contribution to the development of AD and their therapeutic potential.
“…Increased circulation levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-6, TNFα, leptin, and decreased levels of adiponectin and anti-inflammatory markers such as interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) are seen in GDM pregnancies in comparison to normal pregnancies, regardless of BMI [99]. The elevated circulating levels of IL-6 and TNFα in maternal blood are consistently observed in maternal obesity as well as in GDM, in the presence or absence of obesity [101][102][103]. TNFα and leptin have been suggested as the strongest predictors of pregnancy-associated insulin resistance [104,105].…”
Section: Adipose Tissue and Adipokines In Normal Pregnancy And In Prementioning
Pregnancy is a complex of metabolic, physiological, biochemical, and immunological changes in women's body, usually reversible after delivery in normal pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as "any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during the current pregnancy." The etiology of the GDM is multifactorial and not sufficiently elucidated. The overweight and obesity during prepregnancy and pregnancy are one of the main modifiable risk factors of GDM. Maternal obesity increases the risk of a number of pregnancy complications, adverse pregnancy outcome for mother and child, and related chronic conditions in women. The obesity prevalence is the greatest among children of obese mothers, and an independent association between maternal body mass index and offspring adiposity and insulin resistance exists. Although the underlying mechanism remains unclear, available evidence suggests that GDM pathogenesis is based on relatively diminished insulin secretion coupled with pregnancy-induced insulin resistance. Recent findings provide data that higher BMI leads to decreased insulin sensitivity and higher degree of insulin resistance and contributes to GDM development.
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