Stewart analysis unmasks acidifying and alkalizing effects of ionic shifts during acute severe respiratory alkalosis

Conscious connected breathing with breath retention intervention in adults with chronic low back pain: protocol for a randomized controlled pilot study

“…Nevertheless, we elected to test this particular conscious connected breathing intervention that also includes breath retention for several reasons. (1) There is empirical evidence supporting that this specific breathing practice influences biological activity relevant to chronic pain, such as decreased inflammation and adaptive immune, nervous, and metabolic activity [ 47 – 49 , 58 ]. (2) This breathing technique is relatively easy to learn and quick to practice on one’s own [ 56 ].…”

“…These aspects limit accessibility to the intervention and also complicate conclusions that can be drawn regarding the efficacy and mechanisms of the intervention due to the many potential specific and non-specific treatment effects [ 51 – 56 ]. Nevertheless, studies suggest that the breathing and retention practice alone can reduce stress [ 57 ] and induce profound physiological changes, including safe respiratory alkalosis (i.e., rise in pH levels), intermittent hypoxia, immediate changes in metabolic and hormonal activity (e.g., increased gluconeogenesis, human growth hormone), and increases in plasma epinephrine levels associated with sympathetic nervous system activation [ 47 – 49 , 56 , 58 – 60 ]. CCBR also seems to have significant effects on the immune system, demonstrated by an increase in anti-inflammatory and decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines following the administration of an endotoxin [ 48 , 56 ].…”

“…Consistent with models and recommendations for developing theoretically informed interventions [ 61 , 62 ], several lines of evidence support the premise that CCBR will be helpful for individuals with chronic pain. First, both the volitional control of breathing and the specific type of rhythmic connected breathing and breath holding technique used in CCBR can elicit a cascade of biological and physiological responses that may reduce pain, such as improvements in heart rate variability (HRV) [ 26 , 63 , 64 ], baroreceptor sensitivity [ 65 – 68 ], acid-base balance (respiratory alkalosis) [ 69 – 71 ], periaqueductal gray structure and function [ 72 – 76 ], and immune and metabolic activity (e.g., inflammation) [ 47 – 49 , 58 , 77 , 78 ]. Second, both the cyclical breathing and the breath retention may serve as a mild stressor (i.e., hormesis), like physical exercise, where the acute challenge to breathe deeper and hold one’s breath for longer than usual results in adaptive changes (e.g., stress resilience, preparation for oxidative stress, carbon dioxide tolerance) [ 41 , 59 , 79 – 84 ].…”

Numero Completo

“…Las pruebas más importantes que se realizan son gasometría arterial, radiografía de tórax y algunas pruebas de la función pulmonar, especialmente para medir la respiración y en qué estado se encuentran los pulmones. (Brinkman & Sharma, 2022;Brussee et al, 2021) La radiografía del tórax puede realizarse para descartar alguna entidad clínica que provoque una hiperventilación, como es la neumonía, tromboembolia o lesiones intracraneales.…”

“…Esta prueba puede ayudar a descartar enfermedades como el asma, bronquitis o un enfisema. (Brussee et al, 2021) Revista multidisciplinaria investigación Contemporánea. Vol.…”