Sterol Regulation of Development and 20-Hydroxyecdysone Biosynthetic and Signaling Genes in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract

Ecdysteroids are crucial in regulating the growth and development of insects. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, both C27 and C28 ecdysteroids have been identified. While the biosynthetic pathway of the C27 ecdysteroid 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) from cholesterol is relatively well understood, the biosynthetic pathway of C28 ecdysteroids from C28 or C29 dietary sterols remains unknown. In this study, we found that different dietary sterols (including the C27 sterols cholesterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol, the C28 sterols brassicasterol, campesterol, and ergosterol, and the C29 sterols β-sitosterol, α-spinasterol, and stigmasterol) differentially affected the expression of 20E biosynthetic genes to varying degrees, but similarly activated 20E primary response gene expression in D. melanogaster Kc cells. We also found that a single dietary sterol was sufficient to support D. melanogaster growth and development. Furthermore, the expression levels of some 20E biosynthetic genes were significantly altered, whereas the expression of 20E signaling primary response genes remained unaffected when flies were reared on lipid-depleted diets supplemented with single sterol types. Overall, our study provided preliminary clues to suggest that the same enzymatic system responsible for the classical C27 ecdysteroid 20E biosynthetic pathway also participated in the conversion of C28 and C29 dietary sterols into C28 ecdysteroids.

Research Progress on the Regulation of Autophagy and Apoptosis in Insects by Sterol Hormone 20-Hydroxyecdysone

“…While the precise mechanisms underlying how 20E influences PCD are not yet fully elucidated, preliminary discoveries suggest that the potential involvement of the enzymatic machinery are responsible for 20E in the transformation of dietary sterols into ecdysteroids [4]. The steroid hormone 20E, with its diverse functions in regulating autophagy, apoptosis, and various cellular processes, is gradually emerging as a key player in the orchestration of insect growth and metamorphic transitions.…”

“…It exerts a significant influence on cellular processes such as autophagy and apoptosis, which are essential for the developmental changes that occur during molting [2]. These cellular events are integral to insect development, growth, and survival, especially in species like D. melanogaster (Drosophila melanogaster), B. mori (Bombyx mori), H. armigera (Helicoverpa armigera), and others [3][4][5][6].…”