Steroids: reactions and partial synthesis

Abstract

The article reviews the progress in the chemistry of the steroids that was published between January and December, 2000. The reactions and partial syntheses of estrogens, androgens, pregnanes, cholic acid derivatives, cholestanes and vitamin D analogues are covered. There are 169 references.

Light-driven progesterone production by InP–(M. neoaurum) biohybrid system

“…Traditionally, progesterone is synthesized from the precursor "diosgenin", which is extracted from plants, such as Dioscorea zingiberensis. There are two main routes to synthesize progesterone or other steroid hormones: Route 1 is the "diosgenin to diene" route (Donova and Egorova 2012;Hanson 2005), which involves multistep chemical reactions and microbial transformation processes for the degradation of diosgenin to produce steroid drugs. Another route is "sterol conversion" (Feng et al 2022;Yao et al 2014;Zhou et al 2020), in which diosgenin is used as substrate and transformed into steroid intermediates, and subsequently, by chemical methods, steroid drugs are obtained.…”

Origins of reversing diastereoselectivity of α,β-dichloro-γ-butenolides and γ-butyrolactams in direct vinylogous aldol addition: a computational study

“…Studies of c-butenolide and c-butyrolactam ring systems have received a considerable attention as these ubiquitous structural motifs have been found in numerous natural products as well as in a number of synthetic drug candidates with diverse biological activities and therefore, become a valuable architectural platform for the development of new asymmetric methodologies. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Especially, 5-(19-hydroxy)-c-butenolide/5-(19-hydroxy)-c-butyrolactam subunits have been employed as useful intermediates in organic synthesis with medicinal importance. [7][8][9][10][11] Owing to the growing interest in these substances, much effort has been directed towards exploiting the efficient methodology for its synthesis and transformation.…”

Steroids and Combinatorial Chemistry

“…The desirability of applying combinatorial chemistry to the synthesis of libraries of steroidal derivatives is obvious. Steroids represent a broad class of natural products playing crucial roles in the homeostasis of biological systems. − Numerous existing drugs are, thus, steroidal derivatives exerting a wide variety of actions: receptor agonists or antagonists of estrogens, androgens, progestins and corticoids and inhibitors of steroidogenic enzymes. Recent advances in the area of signal transduction mediated by steroid receptors, particularly for selective modulators of estrogen and androgen receptors, make combinatorial synthesis of steroid derivatives an even more attractive approach for the development of new drugs acting on hormone-related diseases, such as cancers and osteoporosis.…”