Steroids in the Treatment of Chronic Diseases

Abstract

Since their identification, which was almost 80 years ago, steroids have played a prominent role in the treatment of many disease states such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. Many of the clinical roles of steroids are related to their potent anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties. Numerous skin diseases are successfully treated with systemic steroids. Corticosteroids, though they are lifesaving drugs, produce adverse reactions which may be mild or life threatening. Steroids have diverse effects on various systems of the body. Therefore, educational interventions among physician, patients, as well as students should be carried out to further enhance rational drug use. The purpose of this review was to identify the most commonly prescribed steroids and their side effects, basic pharmacology, complications, as well as the assessment of patient knowledge about the use of steroids in tertiary care teaching hospitals.

Ligand Free Palladium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Trifluoromethylacrylic Acids and Related Acrylates by Three‐Component Reaction

“…[12] Interestingly, the compound 3 a is a fluorinated analogue of p-methoxycinnamic acid which is biologically active as an antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, or antihyper-glycemic agent. [13] With our optimal conditions in hand, we studied the scope of the reaction ( Table 2). A temperature increase to 110°C was necessary for some substrates to get better yields.…”

“…[15] Thanks to the free acid function of our products 3, we could easily envision the preparation of various 3substituted-2-trifluoromethylacrylates, molecules rarely studied in the literature in spite of their potential as fluorinated analogues of bioactive cinnamates, which have numerous applications. [13,16] Indeed, alkyl UPDATES asc.wiley-vch.de 2-trifluoromethylacrylate reagents are hardly ever commercially available (except for methyl and tertbutyl) and quite expensive which is not the case of reagent 1. So, we developed a simple and effective three-component reaction to directly obtain the desired acrylates.…”

Synthesis of New 1,4-Benzodioxanуl-1,2,4-triazole Derivatives

“…There are many drugs containing these heterocyclic fragments [1][2][3][4][5]. Of special interest are the compounds bearing triazole ring, which have pronounced anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, antihypoxic, hypoglycemic, antitumor, and other properties [6][7][8][9][10][11].…”

Regioselective Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Peptide Analogues Containing 3,4‐ or 3,5‐Disubstituted Isoxazole as s‐cis or s‐trans Peptide Bond Mimics

“…Heterocyclic compounds are an important class of molecules that have been developed for pharmaceutical applications, [1][2][3] which have a large domain of applications, including antibacterial, [4][5][6] antiviral, [7,8] Anti-fungal, [9,10] Anti-inflammatory, [11,12] and anticancer [13][14][15] applications. The development of 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions revolutionised the synthesis of five-membered heteroaromatic rings, contributing to easier and more versatile access to new compounds.…”