Steroidogenesis in plants – Biosynthesis and conversions of progesterone and other pregnane derivatives

Lindemann, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.steroids.2015.08.007

Cited by 32 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 103 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…Pregnenolone can be further catalyzed to progesterone by 3βHSD and KSI. Following a series of biochemical reactions, progesterone is finally transformed into 5βPregnane-3β, 14βdiol-20-one, a possible precursor of the cardenolides (Finsterbusch et al, 1999; Lindemann, 2015). In the present study, we found two genes encoding the enzymes of 3βHSD and 5βPOR, respectively, but we did not find those encoding the enzymes of SCCE, KSI, and P14β because these are only isolated and characterized in animals or fungi (Zheng et al, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Genes Regulating Steroid Metabolism in Leaves, Roots, Adventitious Roots and Calli of Periploca sepium Bunge

Zhang

et al. 2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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Periploca sepium Bunge is a traditional medicinal plant, whose root bark is important for Chinese herbal medicine. Its major bioactive compounds are C21 steroids and periplocin, a kind of cardiac glycoside, which are derived from the steroid synthesis pathway. However, research on P. sepium genome or transcriptomes and their related genes has been lacking for a long time. In this study we estimated this species nuclear genome size at 170 Mb (using flow cytometry). Then, RNA sequencing of four different tissue samples of P. sepium (leaves, roots, adventitious roots, and calli) was done using the sequencing platform Illumina/Solexa Hiseq 2,500. After de novo assembly and quantitative assessment, 90,375 all-transcripts and 71,629 all-unigenes were finally generated. Annotation efforts that used a number of public databases resulted in detailed annotation information for the transcripts. In addition, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by using digital gene profiling based on the reads per kilobase of transcript per million reads mapped (RPKM) values. Compared with the leaf samples (L), up-regulated genes and down-regulated genes were eventually obtained. To deepen our understanding of these DEGs, we performed two enrichment analyses: gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG). Here, the analysis focused upon the expression characteristics of those genes involved in the terpene metabolic pathway and the steroid biosynthesis pathway, to better elucidate the molecular mechanism of bioactive steroid synthesis in P. sepium. The bioinformatics analysis enabled us to find many genes that are involved in bioactive steroid biosynthesis. These genes encoded acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (ACAT), HMG-CoA synthase (HMGS), HMG-CoA reductase (HMGR), mevalonate kinase (MK), phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK), mevalonate diphosphate decarboxylase (MDD), isopentenylpyrophosphate isomerase (IPPI), farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPS), squalene synthase (SS), squalene epoxidase (SE), cycloartenol synthase (CAS), sterol C-24 methyltransferase (SMT1), sterol-4alpha-methyl oxidase 1 (SMO1), sterol 14alpha-demethylase (CYP51/14-SDM), delta(14)-sterol reductase (FK/14SR), C-8,7 sterol isomerase (HYD1), sterol-4alpha-methyl oxidase 2 (SMO2), delta(7)-sterol-C5(6)-desaturase (STE1/SC5DL), 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DWF5/DHCR7), delta (24)-sterol reductase (DWF1/DHCR24), sterol 22-desaturase (CYP710A), progesterone 5beta-reductase (5β-POR), 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD). This research will be helpful to further understand the mechanism of bioactive steroid biosynthesis in P. sepium, namely C21 steroid and periplocin biosynthesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

De novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Genes Regulating Steroid Metabolism in Leaves, Roots, Adventitious Roots and Calli of Periploca sepium Bunge

Zhang

et al. 2017

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…Until recently, it was generally accepted that brassinosteroids, the specific class of steroid hormones, play the most important regulatory and signalling roles in plants [ 1 – 5 ]. However, in recent years a significant amount of experimental data have been obtained to suggest that the plant sterols themselves (β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, campesterol and cholesterol) hold considerable regulatory activity, regardless of their conversion to brassinosteroids [ 6 , 7 ]. In addition, sterols are the primary substrates for the synthesis of a number of secondary metabolites (such as progesterone), which participate in the regulation of physiological functions in plants [ 8 – 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A key enzyme of animal steroidogenesis can function in plants enhancing their immunity and accelerating the processes of growth and development

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe initial stage of the biosynthesis of steroid hormones in animals occurs in the mitochondria of steroidogenic tissues, where cytochrome P450SCC (CYP11A1) encoded by the CYP11A1 gene catalyzes the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone – the general precursor of all the steroid hormones, starting with progesterone. This stage is missing in plants where mitochondrial cytochromes P450 (the mito CYP clan) have not been found. Generating transgenic plants with a mitochondrial type P450 from animals would offer an interesting option to verify whether plant mitochondria could serve as another site of P450 monooxygenase reaction for the steroid hormones biosynthesis.ResultsFor a more detailed comparison of steroidogenic systems of Plantae and Animalia, we have created and studied transgenic tobacco and tomato plants efficiently expressing mammalian CYP11A1 cDNA. The detailed phenotypic characterization of plants obtained has shown that through four generations studied, the transgenic tobacco plants have reduced a period of vegetative development (early flowering and maturation of bolls), enlarged biomass and increased productivity (quantity and quality of seeds) as compared to the only empty-vector containing or wild type plants. Moreover, the CYP11A1 transgenic plants show resistance to such fungal pathogen as Botrytis cinerea. Similar valuable phenotypes (the accelerated course of ontogenesis and/or stress resistance) are also visible in two clearly distinct transgenic tomato lines expressing CYP11A1 cDNA: one line (No. 4) has an accelerated rate of vegetative development, while the other (No. 7) has enhanced immunity to abiotic and biotic stresses. The progesterone level in transgenic tobacco and tomato leaves is 3–5 times higher than in the control plants of the wild type.ConclusionsFor the first time, we could show the compatibility in vivo of even the most specific components of the systems of biosynthesis of steroid hormones in Plantae and Animalia. The hypothesis is proposed and substantiated that the formation of the above-noted special phenotypes of transgenic plants expressing mammalian CYP11A1 cDNA is due to the increased biosynthesis of progesterone that can be considered as a very ancient bioregulator of plant cells and the first real hormone common to plants and animals.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12870-017-1123-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…According to recent reports, derivatives of androstane are endogenous antagonist of constitutive receptor in human, and CAR is a sensor of exobiotic and endobiotic (Wada, Gao, & Xie, 2009). Whereas some researchers reveal that mammalian steroids have effects on the plant growth, cell divisions, root and shoot growth, embryo growth, flowering, and pollen tube growth and callus proliferation (Lindemann, 2015). Rutin, a flavonoid, was detected in the treated sample, and the flavonoids are the groups of secondary metabolites, which are mostly exist in the leaves of the plants.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exometabolomic study of extracellular metabolites in tobacco plant induced by ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes KX852460

Ahsan

Chen

Zhao

et al. 2019

Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences

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Streptomyces diastatochromogenes KX852460, produced induce systemic resistance against Rhizoctonia solani AG-3. SA from the strain was given as treatment to the tobacco plants. Activity of the defense enzymes was analyzed by spectrophotometer, while extracellular metabolites were analyzed by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass spectrometer (LCMS-MS). Defense-related enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GR), glutathione peroxide (GPX), and peroxidase (POD) had maximum activity after treated with extract. Same as was observed in inoculated with R. solani, and extract induced the high activity of glutathione reductase (GST), catalase (CAT), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). While PPO had moderate activity even though with untreated samples (control). Metabolic profile of the treated sample was compared with control (untreated). Exometabolomic study reveal that in the treated sample amino acid (L-cysteine, N,S-di(trifluoroacetyl)-, trimethylsilyl ester), mammalian steroid 5α-Androstane-3α,17β-diol, bis(pentafluoropropionate), flavonoids (Rutin), amines and amides were identified. Current study determined that ethyl acetate extract could induce the resistance by activating the enzymes and by regulating the metabolism.

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Steroidogenesis in plants – Biosynthesis and conversions of progesterone and other pregnane derivatives

Cited by 32 publications

References 103 publications

De novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Genes Regulating Steroid Metabolism in Leaves, Roots, Adventitious Roots and Calli of Periploca sepium Bunge

De novo Sequencing and Transcriptome Analysis Reveal Key Genes Regulating Steroid Metabolism in Leaves, Roots, Adventitious Roots and Calli of Periploca sepium Bunge

A key enzyme of animal steroidogenesis can function in plants enhancing their immunity and accelerating the processes of growth and development

Exometabolomic study of extracellular metabolites in tobacco plant induced by ethyl acetate extracts of Streptomyces diastatochromogenes KX852460

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