Steroid Hormones in Food Producing Animals:

Passantino, Annamaria

doi:10.5772/25785

Cited by 16 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Usually, an antibiotic administered in the feed at a low level is for the animals’ growth promotion, feed efficiency and improved physiological performance; for prevention/prophylaxis, the antibiotic is administered at a slightly higher dose; while for control and treatment in a flock in which morbidity and/or mortality has exceeded baseline standards, the antibiotic is given at higher doses in feed or by injection. The pro‐longed use of synthetic growth‐promoting antibiotics included at subtherapeutic doses in poultry feed has become a public health threat (Passantino, ). These antibiotics may potentiate the incidence of antibiotic resistance in both poultry and poultry products consumers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well‐being of poultry species

Achilonu

Nwafor

Umesiobi

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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SummaryThere is a growing need to increase productivity in poultry. Growth hormones and antibiotics have the ability to improve health, weight gain and feed efficiency in meat-producing animals. The growth-promoting antibiotics are administered to poultry to improve the general performance of the chicken. However, the use of the xenobiotic drugs in food-producing animals has been a concern and a sensitive issue of debate for several decades in the EU and many other regional blocks of the world. Consequently, the use of hormones in animal production has been banned in Italy, Denmark and Germany for over 4-5 decades, while Belgium and Greece had never permitted its use for livestock fattening purposes. Bioactive phytochemicals exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties and consequently have several beneficial effects on appetite, growth and the immune status of the animal. In South Africa, different species of pumpkin are produced for food due to their high nutrient content. The flesh serves as a traditional food, while the seeds and peels are commonly discarded. Pumpkin seed extract is reported to be useful for immunomodulation, reproductive health, therapeutics over a wide range of disease conditions and stimulates metabolism of accumulated fats. Studies have also shown that pumpkin seeds are a valuable source of protein and fat. Their complexity and extent of bioactivity offers sustainable prospects for natural control of pathogenic/parasitic organisms, stimulate nutrition or enhance resistance to disease infections, and reduce abdominal fat and serum levels of harmful lipids, while increasing serum levels of beneficial lipids.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well‐being of poultry species

Achilonu

Nwafor

Umesiobi

et al. 2017

Animal Physiology Nutrition

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“…In Japan, regulations are stricter and residue limits for veterinary drugs are set similarly to the United States. Anabolic hormone residues must be below the MRL; otherwise, they are considered a potential risk to human health [ 42 , 47 ]. However, studies often indicate that little or no attention is paid to monitoring the misuse of anabolic steroids in fattening farms on small businesses and farms, and therefore steroid hormone abuse may still be encountered in some Asian countries, e.g., Bangladesh and Oman [ 48 , 49 ].…”

Section: Legislative Measures For the Use Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Australia, the use of steroid hormonal products is partially permitted and has been approved since the mid-1970s. Only Tasmania banned their use in 2000 [ 47 ]. The use of hormonal products is overseen by the Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority (APVMA), which states that the use of hormonal growth promoters is safe when applied according to the label instructions.…”

Section: Legislative Measures For the Use Of Aasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review

Skoupá

Šťastný

Sládek

2022

Animals

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Anabolic steroids are chemically synthetic derivatives of the male sex hormone testosterone. They are used in medicine for their ability to support muscle growth and healing and by athletes for esthetic purposes and to increase sports performance, but another major use is in fattening animals to increase meat production. The more people there are on Earth, the greater the need for meat production and anabolic steroids accelerate the growth of animals and, most importantly, increase the amount of muscle mass. Anabolic steroids also have proven side effects that affect all organs and tissues, such as liver and kidney parenchymal damage, heart muscle degeneration, organ growth, coagulation disorders, and increased risk of muscle and tendon rupture. Anabolic steroids also have a number of harmful effects on the developing brain, such as brain atrophy and changes in gene expression with consequent changes in the neural circuits involved in cognitive functions. Behavioral changes such as aggression, irritability, anxiety and depression are related to changes in the brain. In terms of long-term toxicity, the greatest impact is on the reproductive system, i.e., testicular shrinkage and infertility. Therefore, their abuse can be considered a public health problem. In many countries around the world, such as the United States, Canada, China, Argentina, Australia, and other large meat producers, the use of steroids is permitted but in all countries of the European Union there is a strict ban on the use of anabolic steroids in fattening animals. Meat from a lot of countries must be carefully inspected and monitored for steroids before export to Europe. Gas or liquid chromatography methods in combination with mass spectrometry detectors and immunochemical methods are most often used for the analysis of these substances. These methods have been considered the most modern for decades, but can be completely ineffective if they face new synthetic steroid derivatives and want to meet meat safety requirements. The problem of last years is the application of “cocktails” of anabolic substances with very low concentrations, which are difficult to detect and are difficult to quantify using conventional detection methods. This is the reason why scientists are trying to find new methods of detection, mainly based on changes in the structure of tissues and cells and their metabolism. This review gathered this knowledge into a coherent form and its findings could help in finding such a combination of changes in tissues that would form a typical picture for evidence of anabolic misuse.

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“…AASs are often used in the fattening of meat-producing animals throughout the world, with the exception of EU member states [ 7 ], Brazil [ 8 ] and some countries in Oceania [ 9 ], where their use is strictly prohibited by law. Most states approve the use of a number of anabolic-based preparations for fattening cattle and sheep, but no type of AAS is approved for growth acceleration in dairy cows, pigs and poultry [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Changes in the Skeletal Muscle of Pigs after Long-Term Administration of Testosterone, Nandrolone and a Combination of the Two

Skoupá

Bátik

Šťastný

et al. 2023

Animals

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Anabolic steroid hormones (AASs) are used in most countries of the world to accelerate the growth of animals, increase the volume of their muscles and thereby increase meat production. However, there is a strict ban on the use of AASs in the fattening of all animals in all countries of the European Union, and there must therefore be effective methods of detection and control of these substances. Methods based on chromatography and mass spectrometry may no longer be completely effective when faced with new synthetic steroids of unknown chemical structures and low concentrations. Therefore, there is an effort to develop new methods of AAS detection, based primarily on the monitoring of biological changes at the level of gene expression or changes in metabolism or structure at the cellular level. More detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of action of AASs on tissues is essential for these methods, and histological changes are one of them. In this study, we report histological changes in muscle structure after AAS application, specifically in the size of muscle fibers, the amount of endomysium and the number of nuclei and satellite cells in muscle fibers. A pig model was also intentionally used for the study, as no such study has been carried out on this species, and at the same time, pork is one of the most consumed meats across Europe. The results of histology and fluorescent antibody labeling showed that AASs increased the diameter and surface area of muscle fibers and also significantly increased the number of satellite cells on the fiber surface. The evident correlations between the number of satellite cells, all nuclei and the diameters of muscle fibers between some experimental groups provide evidence that the selected histological parameters could be additional detection mechanisms for screening a large number of samples and indicate the possibility of the presence of AASs in pork meat in the future.

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Steroid Hormones in Food Producing Animals:

Cited by 16 publications

References 18 publications

Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well‐being of poultry species

Biochemical proximates of pumpkin (Cucurbitaeae spp.) and their beneficial effects on the general well‐being of poultry species

Anabolic Steroids in Fattening Food-Producing Animals—A Review

Structural Changes in the Skeletal Muscle of Pigs after Long-Term Administration of Testosterone, Nandrolone and a Combination of the Two

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