Steric and atmospheric contributions to interannual sea level variability in the eastern mediterranean sea over 1993–2019

Mohamed, Bayoumy; Skliris, Nikolaos

doi:10.1016/j.oceano.2021.09.001

Cited by 18 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…We found a general increasing trend of 0.49 • C/decade over the AIC Seas, with stronger local gradients over the southern Ionian and northern Aegean Seas (>0.60 • C/decade), as was also reported by Mohamed et al [40]. The general trend is slightly higher than the trend of the broader eastern Mediterranean basin (0.40 • C/decade), derived from a spatially coarser (0.25 • ) dataset [41]. Some parts of the northern Aegean, those closer to the northern shelves, revealed the highest statistically significant Sen's slopes (> 0.75 • C/decade).…”

Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Some parts of the northern Aegean, those closer to the northern shelves, revealed the highest statistically significant Sen's slopes (> 0.75 • C/decade). Mohamed and Skiris [41] also computed stronger trends over the northern part of the Aegean Sea. The strong increasing trends of the northern Aegean are higher than the ones computed for the southern Aegean (0.47 • C/decade for SW Aegean, and 0.51 • C/decade for SE Aegean).…”

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Marine Heat Waves over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas from 2008–2021

Androulidakis

Krestenitis

2022

JMSE

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The sea surface temperature (SST) is an important factor and indicator of the sea water quality, with various ecological and anthropogenic implications. We used high-resolution satellite-derived SST data, in tandem with field observations and long-term meteorological data, to investigate the spatial and interannual SST variability over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan (AIC) Seas during the recent 14-year period (2008–2021). Increasing trends were identified for most of the sub-basins of the AIC Seas. The numbers and durations (days) of the marine heat waves (MHWs) have significantly increased, especially during the last quadrennial period (2018–2021). Changes have been detected in both the maximum and minimum values; however, the trend of the mean annual values is mainly associated with the interannual increases in the lowest values (weaker minima during the cold seasons). The interannual variability and the increasing positive trends of the air temperature are very similar to the SST variations, showing a 5-to-10-day lag between the seasonal time series of the two parameters for all regions; however, extreme atmospheric events (e.g., cold fronts or heat waves) have a more direct impact on the SST variability (zero lag). MHWs were more frequent over the northern Aegean Sea, especially in Thermaikos Gulf, which is characterized as a “hot spot” for MHWs. MHWs were rarer over the southern regions, especially over the southeastern Aegean and Cretan Seas. A stratified upper ocean, controlled by buoyant brackish plumes, such as the Black Sea Waters (BSW) in the northern Aegean, may increase the heat storage capacity of the surface water masses, contributing to the further warming of the ocean. This was the case in the summer of 2021, which was a unique year for the AIC Seas, and especially for the northern Aegean, which revealed the highest SST values among all the study years. The satellite-derived observations of the 2008–2021 period showed increasing trends for all coastal waters, strong trend slopes for most of the coasts of the northern Aegean and central Ionian Seas, and milder trend slopes in the eastern Aegean.

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Section: Summary and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Section: Summary and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Marine Heat Waves over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas from 2008–2021

Androulidakis

Krestenitis

2022

JMSE

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“…The EOF1 and PC1 show a general increase in the sea level and of the SST over the MED (Figures 2 and 9; trends in Table 1 and in Figures 2B and 9B); smaller increases are observed in the northern and central Ionian and in the Cretan Passage. The Ierapetra Gyre (IG) behaves differently from other Mediterranean regions, showing a decrease in sea level (Figure 2A) and a limited increase in temperature in its interior compared to the MED (Figure 9A); this result is in agreement with Mohamed and Skliris [78], who found a significant negative sea level trend in IG and maximum sea level rise in Mersa-Matruh and Cyprus gyres. Considering the three MED sub-basins separately, the EOF1 shows larger explained variances in the EMED (Table 1), both in terms of ADT (72.5%) and of SST (89%).…”

Section: First Eof Mode (Eof1)supporting

confidence: 85%

“…Highest correlations of the PC1s are observed between the sea level (ADT) and the SST both in the MED and in its sub-basins. This result, already obtained by numerous works in the Mediterranean Sea [33,78,88] and at global scales [89], is related to the thermosteric component of sea level variability. The role of the thermosteric component as the major contributor to the linear sea-level trend over the EMED was recently highlighted by Mohamed and Skliris [78].…”

Section: Correlation Between Independent Variablessupporting

confidence: 74%

“…In this article, four oceanographic and air-sea interaction parameters (ADT, SST, SSS, and E-P) were analyzed, both in the MED and in its sub-basins, in order to describe their evolution, connect them to climatic variability, and find their eventual mutual relationships. The role of atmospheric forcing on the MED oceanographic conditions and trends, well demonstrated by several previous studies [16,50,51,78,94], is not directly addressed in this work, which instead focuses on the effect of this forcing rather than on the driving mechanisms. Although the wind conditions and the heat budgets are indirectly considered when describing the evolution of freshwater fluxes (E-P).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data

Menna

Gačić²,

Martellucci³

et al. 2022

Remote Sensing

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The Mediterranean Sea is considered a hot spot of global warming because it has been changing faster than the global ocean, creating a strong impact on the marine environment. Recent studies agree on the increase in the sea level, in the sea surface temperature, and in the sea surface salinity in the Mediterranean Sea over the last two decades. In this research, the possible interconnection between these and other parameters that contribute to the regulatory effect of the sea on the climate are identified and discussed. Spatio-temporal variability of four oceanographic and air–sea interaction parameters (sea-level, sea surface temperature, sea surface salinity, and freshwater flux) are estimated over the last 27 years by performing the empirical orthogonal function analysis. Climatic trends, and interannual and decadal variability of the different datasets are delineated and described in the whole Mediterranean and in its sub-basins. On the climatic scale, the Mediterranean and its sub-basins behave in a coherent way, showing the seal level, temperature, salinity, and freshwater flux rise. On the interannual scale, the temporal evolution of the sea level and sea surface temperature are highly correlated, whereas freshwater flux affects the variability of sea level, temperature, and the salinity field mainly in the Western and Central Mediterranean. The decadal signal associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre circulation reversals is clearly identified in three of the four parameters considered, with different intensities and geographical extents. This signal also affects the intermediate layer of the Eastern Mediterranean, from where it is advected to the other sub-basins. Decadal signal not associated with the Northern Ionian Gyre reversals is strongly related to the variability of main sub-basin scale local structures.

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Climate evolution in the Mediterranean Sea from an ocean circulation model

Jabnoun,

Harzallah

2024

Clim Dyn

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Steric and atmospheric contributions to interannual sea level variability in the eastern mediterranean sea over 1993–2019

Cited by 18 publications

References 46 publications

Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Marine Heat Waves over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas from 2008–2021

Sea Surface Temperature Variability and Marine Heat Waves over the Aegean, Ionian, and Cretan Seas from 2008–2021

Climatic, Decadal, and Interannual Variability in the Upper Layer of the Mediterranean Sea Using Remotely Sensed and In-Situ Data

Climate evolution in the Mediterranean Sea from an ocean circulation model

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