Stereotypes and tacit inference.

Dunning, David; Sherman, David A.

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.459

Cited by 104 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The results found that asymmetric certainty was greater when answers came from stereotyped targets than when they came from nonstereotyped targets. This finding is consistent with a considerable amount of research showing that group stereotypes bias inferences from information about individual group members, so that the same information leads to stronger inferences of stereotype-consistent attributes when the information pertains to a member of a stereotyped group than a nonstereotyped group (e.g., Darley & Gross, 1983;Devine, 1989;Duncan, 1976;Dunning & Sherman, 1997;Kunda & Sherman-Williams, 1993).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

Cameron¹,

Trope²

2004

Social Cognition

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Two studies examined the contribution of biased information search and biased information processing to stereotyping of individual group members. Participants were free to ask any question they thought would help them make an accurate judgment about a target person's attitudes. Despite this opportunity to acquire individuating information, participants' judgments about group members were strongly influenced by their stereotypes. The findings further show that both the content of the questions addressed to stereotyped targets and the manner in which the answers to these questions were processed contributed to stereotyping. It is argued that biased information search is a major obstacle to the reduction of stereotyping in many real-life situations.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

Cameron¹,

Trope²

2004

Social Cognition

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“…Not only is sex the personal characteristic that provides the strongest basis of categorizing people, even when compared with race, age, and occupation (A. P. Fiske, Haslam, & Fiske, 1991;Stangor, Lynch, Duan, & Glass, 1992;van Knippenberg, van Twuyver, & Pepels, 1994), but also stereotypes about women and men are easily and automatically activated (Banaji & Hardin, 1996;Banaji, Hardin, & Rothman, 1993;Blair & Banaji, 1996). In addition, encoding processes advantage information that matches gender-stereotypical expectations (von Hippel, Sekaquaptewa, & Vargas, 1995), and spontaneous tacit inferences fill in unspecified details of male and female social behavior to be consistent with these expectations (Dunning & Sherman, 1997). The activation of beliefs about women and men by gender-related cues thus influences people to perceive women as communal but not very agentic and men as agentic but not very communal.…”

Section: Gender Roles: Expectations About the Actual And Ideal Behavimentioning

confidence: 99%

Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Eagly¹,

Karau²

2002

Psychological Review

4,748

257

5,712

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A role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman. One consequence is that attitudes are less positive toward female than male leaders and potential leaders. Other consequences are that it is more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles. Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that these consequences occur, especially in situations that heighten perceptions of incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles. Role Congruity Theory: How Gender Roles and LeaderRoles Produce Two Types of PrejudiceIn general, prejudice can arise from the relations that people perceive between the characteristics of members of a social group

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“…Variables that seem to qualify category activation in some studies turn out not to be in uential in others. For example, whereas some studies suggest that category activation is contingent upon prejudice levels (Lepore & Brown, 1997), Dunning and Sherman (1997) have demonstrated that implicit gender activation can be independent of people's level of sexism. Noting ambiguities of this kind, Bargh (1999) recently has provided a provocative review of the extant literature on the automaticity of category activation.…”

Section: Unresolved Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social cognition: Categorical person perception

Macrae

Bodenhausen

2001

British J of Psychology

223

149

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In attempting to make sense of others, perceivers regularly construct and use categorical representations (e.g. stereotypes) to streamline the person perception process. A debate that has dominated recent theorizing about the nature and function of these representations concerns the conditions under which they are activated in everyday life. The present article reviews this work and considers the automaticity of category activationin person perception.But then, the people became terribly afraid and anxious. For lo! the Cognitive Miser had become transformed, by the magic of further research, into the Cognitive Monster. No longer did the creature use simplifying categories and stereotypes by choice or strategy, their use had become an addictionuncontrollable, not a matter of choice at all-and the creature's Will was powerless to do anything else. 'We must do something!' cried the people of Social Psychology. 'We must slay the monster!' And so their heroes came forth. Bargh (1999, p. 361) In identifying social cognition as the dominant theme in contemporary experimental social psychology, it is gratifying to acknowledge the prominent contribution that British research has made to the development of work in this area. Motivated by the desire to understand how perceivers make sense of their social worlds, researchers have employed a social-cognitive framework in an attempt to inform a range of issues in experimental social psychology. The fruits of this approach have been many. To give but a brief avour of some of the topics that have bene ted from a cognitive analysis of everyday thinking and behaviour, social-cognitive approaches have advanced our understanding of attitudes, language, attributions, the self, everyday memory, judgment and decision-making, and person perception. In each of these areas, moreover, British research has played an important role in shaping the intellectual landscape. By providing process speci city and theoretical coherence, social-cognitive approaches have illuminated numerous dark corners of the discipline. Given the focus of this special issue (i.e. perception and cognition), however, our emphasis in the present article is on person

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Stereotypes and tacit inference.

Cited by 104 publications

References 55 publications

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

Stereotype-Biased Search and Processing of Information About Group Members

Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

Social cognition: Categorical person perception

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