Stereotaxic lesions of the hippocampus in monkeys: determination of surgical coordinates and analysis of lesions using magnetic resonance imaging

Alvarez-Royo, Pablo; Clower, Robert P.; Zola‐Morgan, Stuart; Squire, Larry R.

doi:10.1016/0165-0270(91)90172-v

Cited by 52 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…The second technique that has been used to make lesions of the hippocampal region involves the use of stereotaxic neurosurgery combined with magnetic resonance imaging (37). Magnetic resonance imaging is used to create a brain atlas for each monkey, and the atlas is then used to derive coordinates for making stereotaxic lesions limited to the hippocampal region.…”

Section: The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System Important For Declaramentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems

Squire

Zola

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,040

630

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This article reviews recent studies of memory systems in humans and nonhuman primates. Three major conclusions from recent work are that (i) the capacity for nondeclarative (nonconscious) learning can now be studied in a broad array of tasks that assess classification learning, perceptuomotor skill learning, artificial grammar learning, and prototype abstraction; (ii) cortical areas adjacent to the hippocampal formation, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices, are an essential part of the medial temporal lobe memory system that supports declarative (conscious) memory; and (iii) in humans, bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation is nevertheless sufficient to produce severe anterograde amnesia and temporally graded retrograde amnesia covering as much as 25 years.This article considers two topics relevant to the organization of memory and brain systems. The first topic is the fundamental idea that memory is not a single entity but consists of several separate entities that depend on different brain systems. The key distinction is between the capacity for conscious recollection of facts and events (declarative memory) and a heterogeneous collection of nonconscious learning capacities (nondeclarative memory) that are expressed through performance and that do not afford access to any conscious memory content. Some of the best evidence for distinguishing between kinds of memory has come from the study of amnesic patients who have sustained bilateral damage to medial temporal lobe or midline diencephalic brain structures. Amnesic patients are severely impaired on conventional memory tests that assess declarative memory-i.e., tests that assess recall or recognition of places, lists, faces, melodies, and other material. However, the same patients perform as well as normal subjects on many other tasks of learning and memory that assess, for example, the capacity for skill and habit learning and the phenomenon of priming. The implication is that the kinds of learning and memory that are intact in amnesia depend on different brain systems than those damaged in amnesia (Fig. 1). Recent studies have expanded the list of learning and memory abilities that are intact in amnesia.The second topic concerns which structures in the medial temporal lobe are important for declarative memory. Some of this work is based on studies of an animal model of human amnesia in the monkey. Other information comes from detailed neuropathological study of the brains of amnesic patients, for whom extensive neurobehavioral data are available. One major finding, based largely on work with monkeys, is that cortical areas adjacent to the hippocampal formation, including entorhinal, perirhinal, and parahippocampal cortices, are an essential part of the medial temporal lobe memory system. A second major finding, based largely on human material, is that bilateral damage limited to the hippocampal formation (hippocampus proper, dentate gyrus, subicular complex, and entorhinal cortex) is sufficient to produce sev...

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Section: The Medial Temporal Lobe Memory System Important For Declaramentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems

Squire

Zola

1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

1,040

630

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“…Stereotactic coordinates and catheter trajectory were determined from a preliminary MR image. 1,17 A posterior rather than a lateral approach to the hippocampus was chosen because it avoids trauma to the temporalis muscle and resultant pain with mastication, prevents leakage of muscimol into the ventricle because it increases the distance from the catheter tip to the point at which the catheter may traverse the ventricular wall, and allows a longer length of catheter to be placed within the hippocampus, which could improve the spread of muscimol throughout this structure. The electrode guide (Kopf Instruments) of the stereotactic device was used to direct the catheter electrode from the outer table of the occipital skull anteriorly and 20 to 30° inferiorly to the target, to a depth of 40 to 43 mm.…”

Section: Surgical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local distribution and toxicity of prolonged hippocampal infusion of muscimol

Heiss¹,

Walbridge²,

Morrison³

et al. 2005

Journal of Neurosurgery

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Object-The activity of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, is reduced in the hippocampus in patients with complex partial seizures from mesial temporal sclerosis. To provide preliminary safety and distribution data on using convection-enhanced delivery of agents to treat complex partial seizures and to test the efficacy and safety of regional selective neuronal suppression, the authors infused muscimol, a GABA-A receptor agonist, directly into the hippocampus of nonhuman primates using an integrated catheter electrode.Methods-Ten rhesus monkeys were divided into three groups: 1) use of catheter electrode alone (four monkeys); 2) infusion of escalating concentrations of muscimol followed by vehicle (three monkeys); and 3) infusion of vehicle and subsequent muscimol mixed with muscimol tracer (three monkeys). Infusions were begun 5 days after catheter electrode placement and continued for 5.6 days before switching to the other agent. Head magnetic resonance (MR) images and electroencephalography recordings were obtained before and during the infusions. Brain histological studies and quantitative autoradiography were performed.Neurological function was normal in controls and when muscimol concentrations were 0.125 mM or less, whereas higher concentrations (0.5 and 1 mM) produced reversible apathy and somnolence. Fluid distribution was demonstrated on MR images and muscimol distribution was demonstrated on autoradiographs throughout the hippocampus and adjacent white matter.Conclusions-Targeted modulation of neuronal activity is a reasonable research strategy for the investigation and treatment of medically intractable epilepsy.

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“…To address the problem of incomplete lesions, Málková et al (2001) developed methods for in vivo assessment of the effectiveness of a particular series of injections (see also Alvarez-Royo et al, 1991;Ben-Horin et al, 1996;Nemanic et al, 2002). Assessment of in vivo lesions permits planning of additional series of injections if necessary, before beginning cognitive testing.…”

Section: Statement Of the Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides even greater accuracy in localization of brain structures. Consequently, after the advent of MRI, surgical techniques based on MRIguided stereotaxic approaches combined with injection of excitotoxins (Saunders et al, 1990) or radiofrequency (RF) lesions (Alvarez-Royo et al, 1991) were developed. This latter technique made possible neuropsychological investigations capable of characterizing the specific contributions of the hippocampus (and other structures) to cognition in macaques, independent of the surrounding cortex (e.g., Murray and Mishkin, 1998;Beason-Held et al, 1999;Zola-Morgan et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for making selective lesions of the hippocampus in macaque monkeys using NMDA and a longitudinal surgical approach

Hampton

Buckmaster

Anuszkiewicz-Lundgren

et al. 2003

Hippocampus

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ABSTRACT:We describe a method for making selective lesions of the hippocampus in macaque monkeys, using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided stereotaxic approach in which the excitotoxin N-methyl-Daspartic acid (NMDA) is injected at intervals along a single needle track that extends longitudinally through the rostrocaudal extent of the hippocampus. Procedures were conducted on six rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and were assessed with either in vivo MRI (n ‫؍‬ 3) or postmortem microscopic examination of the tissue after standard histological processing of the brains (n ‫؍‬ 3). Based on our extensive experience with the standard stereotaxic procedure in which ibotenic acid (IBO) is injected via the dorsal approach, we report that the new method provides a viable and potentially advantageous alternative to the standard procedure.

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Stereotaxic lesions of the hippocampus in monkeys: determination of surgical coordinates and analysis of lesions using magnetic resonance imaging

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems

Structure and function of declarative and nondeclarative memory systems

Local distribution and toxicity of prolonged hippocampal infusion of muscimol

Method for making selective lesions of the hippocampus in macaque monkeys using NMDA and a longitudinal surgical approach

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