Stereoscopic Remote Vision System Aerial Refueling Visual Performance

Winterbottom, Marc; Lloyd, Charles J.; Gaska, James; Wright, Steve; Hadley, Steven

doi:10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2016.5.sda-437

Cited by 7 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The advantage provided by stereopsis, that is, the difference in slope under binocular relative to monocular viewing in the grid condition, was similar for undergraduate observers and aircrew (Figure 5). These results are consistent with Deas et al (2017) and studies that have shown improved accuracy of distance judgments in the presence of stereopsis relative to monocular viewing in immersive stereoscopic simulations of aerial refueling (Lloyd & Nigus, 2012;Winterbottom et al, 2016) and helicopter landing tasks (Winterbottom et al, 2017). The pattern of overestimation at near and underestimation at far distances seen in the grid terrain is consistent with observers' reliance on a highly variable vergence signal to scale depth from binocular disparity in the absence of other monocular cues to distance (Foley, 1980).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…For example, Lloyd and Nigus (2012) used a stereoscopic aerial refueling simulation to show that observers were more accurate when estimating relative distance with stereopsis, compared with performance without stereopsis. Others have shown improvements in similar tasks that correlate with stereoscopic acuity (Winterbottom, Lloyd, Gaska, Wright, & Hadley, 2016). We showed previously that the presence of stereopsis improved the accuracy of altitude judgments for simulated imagery depicting a low hover flight operation (Deas et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

et al. 2019

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Objective We examined the contribution of binocular vision and experience to performance on a simulated helicopter flight task. Background Although there is a long history of research on the role of binocular vision and stereopsis in aviation, there is no consensus on its operational relevance. This work addresses this using a naturalistic task in a virtual environment. Method Four high-resolution stereoscopic terrain types were viewed monocularly and binocularly. In separate experiments, we evaluated performance of undergraduate students and military aircrew on a simulated low hover altitude judgment task. Observers were asked to judge the distance between a virtual helicopter skid and the ground plane. Results Our results show that for both groups, altitude judgments are more accurate in the binocular viewing condition than in the monocular condition. However, in the monocular condition, aircrew were more accurate than undergraduate observers in estimating height of the skid above the ground. Conclusion At simulated altitudes of 5 ft (1.5 m) or less, binocular vision provides a significant advantage for estimation of the depth separation between the landing skid and the ground, regardless of relevant operational experience. However, when binocular cues are unavailable aircrew outperform undergraduate observers, a result that likely reflects the impact of training on the ability to interpret monocular depth cues.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

et al. 2019

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“…Although all observers were screened for normal vision using a standard Optec vision tester, ongoing research at USAFSAM has demonstrated that standard pass/fail screening tests may not be adequate. For example, an Observer individual may pass the Optec stereo acuity test with 25 arcsec or better but may nonetheless demonstrate poor stereo acuity when tested with a more accurate threshold level test 33,34 . Figure 8 shows that duration thresholds varied by a factor of about 4 to 1 across observers in Experiment 2.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Visibility of monocular symbology in transparent head-mounted display applications

Winterbottom

Patterson

Pierce

et al. 2015

Display Technologies and Applications for Defense, Security, and Avionics IX; And Head- And Helmet-Mounted Displays XX

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With increased reliance on head-mounted displays (HMDs), such as the Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System and F-35 Helmet Mounted Display System, research concerning visual performance has also increased in importance. Although monocular HMDs have been used successfully for many years, a number of authors have reported significant problems with their use. Certain problems have been attributed to binocular rivalry when differing imagery is presented to the two eyes.With binocular rivalry, the visibility of the images in the two eyes fluctuates, with one eye's view becoming dominant, and thus visible, while the other eye's view is suppressed, which alternates over time. Rivalry is almost certainly created when viewing an occluding monocular HMD. For semi-transparent monocular HMDs, however, much of the scene is binocularly fused, with additional imagery superimposed in one eye. Binocular fusion is thought to prevent rivalry.The present study was designed to investigate differences in visibility between monocularly and binocularly presented symbology at varying levels of contrast and while viewing simulated flight over terrain at various speeds. Visibility was estimated by measuring the presentation time required to identify a test probe (tumbling E) embedded within other static symbology. Results indicated that there were large individual differences, but that performance decreased with decreased test probe contrast under monocular viewing relative to binocular viewing conditions. Rivalry suppression may reduce visibility of semi-transparent monocular HMD imagery. However, factors, such as contrast sensitivity, masking, and conditions such as monofixation, will be important to examine in future research concerning visibility of HMD imagery.

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“…Previous RVS research showed that several computer-based vision tests were predictive of simulated RVS refueling performance (stereo acuity, contrast sensitivity) while standard USAF tests generally were not [1][2]. This research also showed that measures of ocular alignment were correlated with simulated RVS refueling performance and reported discomfort.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

The relationship between vision and simulated remote vision system air refueling performance

Eleanor¹,

Matthew²,

S.³

et al. 2022

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United States Air Force (USAF) vision screening tests have remained largely unchanged since WWII and it is unclear whether current standards are applicable for users of new human-machine interfaces (e.g., stereoscopic remote vision system (RVS) in the refueling tanker). This study examined the relationships between several vision tests, including a set of automated vision tests (AVT) developed by the Operational Based Vision Assessment (OBVA)Laboratory, an electronic version of the standard Titmus stereo test, and the current Armed Forces Vision Tester (AFVT), and simulated air refueling task performance using a stereoscopic RVS. Additionally, the relationships between vision test scores and subjective measures of visual fatigue were analyzed. Results showed that AVT measures of disparity discrimination and horizontal fusion correlated with simulated air refueling performance. AVT measures of acuity, contrast sensitivity, disparity discrimination, and radial motion sensitivity were significantly associated with subjective measures of discomfort and visual fatigue. Notably, neither the electronic Titmus results, nor the AFVT measures were associated with either air refueling task performance or subjective measures of visual fatigue. Adjustments to the vision standards and test methods used for USAF aeromedical vision screening should therefore be considered.

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Stereoscopic Remote Vision System Aerial Refueling Visual Performance

Cited by 7 publications

References 17 publications

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

Contributions of Stereopsis and Aviation Experience to Simulated Rotary Wing Altitude Estimation

Visibility of monocular symbology in transparent head-mounted display applications

The relationship between vision and simulated remote vision system air refueling performance

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