Stereoscopic 3-D display with optical correction for the reduction of the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence

Shibata, Takashi; Kawai, Takashi; Ohta, Keiji; Otsuki, Masaki; Miyake, Noriko; Yoshihara, Yoshihiro; Iwasaki, Tsuneto

doi:10.1889/1.2039295

Cited by 70 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…and Shibata et al achieved similar function by axially translating the microdisplay mounted on a micro-controlled stage48 . These systems typically require dynamically tracking the eye fixation point.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Recently, vari-focal and multi-focal plane stereo displays have been proposed as a remedy to the above-described focus cue problem [47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57] , either by providing dynamic control of the focal distance through an active optical method [47][48][49][50] presenting multiple focal planes at different focal distances [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56] . Different from volumetric displays [57][58][59] in which all voxels within a volumetric space have to be rendered at a flicker-free rate regardless of the viewer's point-of-interest (PoI), these vari-focal or multi-focal approaches are relatively more computationally efficient, while being able to reduce the discrepancy artifacts to various extents.…”

Section: Emerging Technologies: Vari-focal and Multi-focal Plane Dispmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Near-eye displays: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies

et al. 2010

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This paper will start with a brief review of the recent advancements in near-eye displays, then focus on the development and results of two emerging technologies aiming to address two critical issues related to near-eye displays: (a) a freeform optical technology promising near-eye displays with an ultimately compact form factor, close to a pair of eyeglasses rather than a traditional helmet style; and (b) a vari-and multi-focal technology promising more accurate rendering of depth cues than conventional stereoscopic displays. INTRODUCTIONInterest in head-mounted display (HMD) technologies has endured and permeated for decades in several scientific domains. HMDs have become critical for many applications, spanning the fields of flight simulation, scientific visualization, medicine, engineering design and prototyping, education and training, tele-manipulation and tele-presence, wearable computing, and entertainment systems. Compared with other 3-D display methods, HMDs provide a good balance of affordability and unique capabilities. For instance, in the domain of augmented reality, see-through HMDs are one of the enabling technologies for merging virtual views with physical scenes, which may enable a physician to see the 3D rendering of the anatomical structures or CT images of a patient superimposed onto the patient's abdomen ( Fig. 1) 1 .The increased bandwidth of wireless networks and rapid expansion of digital information is pressing for a mobile display solution that offers much more attractive image quality and screen size than other popular mobile platforms such as smart phones and PDAs without compromising portability. The advancement of optical technology, improvements on microdisplays, and miniaturization of electronics have been pushing the design envelop of HMD systems to a point that we can envision that in the foreseeable future an HMD may evolve into a device as elegant as a pair of eyeglass and become an integral part of many people's daily activities to retrieve information and connect with people instantly. Given the evolving nature of this technology, we choose to use the term of near-eye displays in this article to cover the broad spectrum of this technology, while also occasionally using the historical term of head-mounted displays when appropriate. A near-eye display refers to a device that is typically attached in close proximity to the eye and requires an optical system to couple a miniature image source with the human visual system.Despite much significant advancement on near-eye displays over the past decades, there exist many technical and usability issues preventing the technology from being widely accepted for many demanding applications and daily usage. Driven by the limitations of existing technologies, this paper will focus on discussing two types of emerging display technologies aiming to address two critical issues related to near-eye displays: (a) a freeform optical technology promising near-eye displays with an ultimately compact form factor close to a pair of eyeglasses rather ...

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confidence: 90%

Section: Emerging Technologies: Vari-focal and Multi-focal Plane Dispmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near-eye displays: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies

et al. 2010

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“…In practice, these drawbacks have limited the size, field of view, and spatial resolution of the devices. Multi-focal displays [Akeley et al 2004;Hoffman and Banks 2009;Shibata et al 2005], virtually place conventional monitors at different depths via refractive optics. This approach is effective, but requires encumbering glasses.…”

Section: Displays Supporting Correct Accommodationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Focus 3D

et al. 2013

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We present a glasses-free 3D display design with the potential to provide viewers with nearly correct accommodative depth cues, as well as motion parallax and binocular cues. Building on multilayer attenuator and directional backlight architectures, the proposed design achieves the high angular resolution needed for accommodation by placing spatial light modulators about a large lens: one conjugate to the viewer's eye, and one or more near the plane of the lens. Nonnegative tensor factorization is used to compress a high angular resolution light field into a set of masks that can be displayed on a pair of commodity LCD panels. By constraining the tensor factorization to preserve only those light rays seen by the viewer, we effectively steer narrow high resolution viewing cones into the user's eyes, allowing binocular disparity, motion parallax, and the potential for nearly correct accommodation over a wide field of view. We verify the design experimentally by focusing a camera at different depths about a prototype display, establish formal upper bounds on the design's accommodation range and diffraction-limited performance, and discuss practical limitations that must be overcome to allow the device to be used with human observers.

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“…One of the recent results in that field [Liu et al 2010] makes use of active optical elements for producing imagery at various focus depths. Alternative approaches involve translation of a relay lens inside the HMD [Shiwa et al 1996] or microdisplays [Shibata et al 2005]. Even with displays that are capable of accommodating for very close objects, the stereoscopic convergence problem remains.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic eye convergence for head-mounted displays improves user performance in virtual environments

Sherstyuk

Dey

Sandor

et al. 2012

Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games

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Figure 1: Extreme close-ups in Virtual Environments are a challenge for parallel eyes. It is nearly impossible to fuse the images of the butterfly into a single stereo view, while the hand is relatively easy to fuse. Distance to butterfly 16 cm, distance to hand 70 cm. AbstractIn Virtual Environments (VE), users are often facing tasks that involve direct manipulation of virtual objects at close distances, such as touching, grabbing, placement. In immersive systems that employ head-mounted displays these tasks could be quite challenging, due to lack of convergence of virtual cameras.We present a mechanism that dynamically converges left and right cameras on target objects in VE. This mechanism simulates the natural process that takes place in real life automatically. As a result, the rendering system maintains optimal conditions for stereoscopic viewing of target objects at varying depths, in real time.Building on our previous work, which introduced the eye convergence algorithm [Sherstyuk and State 2010], we developed a Virtual Reality (VR) system and conducted an experimental study on effects of eye convergence in immersive VE. This paper gives the full description of the system, the study design and a detailed analysis of the results obtained.

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Stereoscopic 3-D display with optical correction for the reduction of the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence

Cited by 70 publications

References 5 publications

Near-eye displays: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies

Near-eye displays: state-of-the-art and emerging technologies

Focus 3D

Dynamic eye convergence for head-mounted displays improves user performance in virtual environments

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