Stereopsis Only: Validation of a Monocular Depth Cues Reduced Gamified Virtual Reality with Reaction Time Measurement

Mehringer, Wolfgang; Wirth, Markus; Roth, Daniel; Michelson, Georg; Eskofier, Bjoern M.

doi:10.1109/tvcg.2022.3150486

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…As described in our previous work, a positional change of an object will result in monocular depth cues due to the size of known objects and the linear perspective 39 . To account for that, we applied the same correction to the size of known objects by scaling down the closer ball by the factor s (see Eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…As mentioned, we aimed for purely stereoscopic visual stimuli with different difficulty levels. The difficulty level in a stereoscopic visual stimulus can be expressed as disparity difference 38 , 39 which is shown in Fig. 1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the minimum disparity and the minimum disparity difference depend on the pixel spacing of the headset. Therefore, we followed the assumption made in our previous work, which is the following 39 : The horizontal resolution of 1440 pixels each display is shown across an FoV of 110 . Consequently, the minimum disparity difference can be expressed as According to Eq.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The remaining monocular depth cues listed in our previous work were addressed in the following way 39 : The cue overlay of contours was canceled out by avoiding overlaps in the scene. The cue distribution of highlights and shadows was avoided by not casting shadows and using one light source that was far away (i.e., the sun in the sky sphere).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virtual reality for assessing stereopsis performance and eye characteristics in Post-COVID

Mehringer,

Stoeve,

Krauss

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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In 2019, we faced a pandemic due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), with millions of confirmed cases and reported deaths. Even in recovered patients, symptoms can be persistent over weeks, termed Post-COVID. In addition to common symptoms of fatigue, muscle weakness, and cognitive impairments, visual impairments have been reported. Automatic classification of COVID and Post-COVID is researched based on blood samples and radiation-based procedures, among others. However, a symptom-oriented assessment for visual impairments is still missing. Thus, we propose a Virtual Reality environment in which stereoscopic stimuli are displayed to test the patient’s stereopsis performance. While performing the visual tasks, the eyes’ gaze and pupil diameter are recorded. We collected data from 15 controls and 20 Post-COVID patients in a study. Therefrom, we extracted features of three main data groups, stereopsis performance, pupil diameter, and gaze behavior, and trained various classifiers. The Random Forest classifier achieved the best result with 71% accuracy. The recorded data support the classification result showing worse stereopsis performance and eye movement alterations in Post-COVID. There are limitations in the study design, comprising a small sample size and the use of an eye tracking system.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Virtual reality for assessing stereopsis performance and eye characteristics in Post-COVID

Mehringer,

Stoeve,

Krauss

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

Self Cite

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show abstract

“…This can lead to difficulties in executing tasks that demand precise depth perception. However, monocular cues may still provide a rudimentary sense of depth ( Mehringer, Wirth, Roth, Michelson, & Eskofier, 2022 ). The effect on stereopsis could potentially vary, depending on the severity of the vision reduction and the individual's capacity to adapt and rely more on monocular cues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of simulated visual impairment on distance stereopsis

Liu,

Xu,

et al. 2024

Journal of Vision

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The intricate interrelationships between visual acuity (VA) and stereopsis depend on an array of factors, incorporating the nature of vision impairment, its manifestation (monocular versus binocular), and the classification of stereopsis test symbols used. The objectives of this study were to methodically dissect these multifaceted interactions by simulating a diverse range of vision loss conditions. Thirty medical students with normal vision were subjected to simulated vision loss through opacification and blurring methodologies. Stereopsis was assessed at a distance using both contour-based and random-dot-based symbols under equal binocular and varied monocular VA conditions. In this study, opacification consistently affected stereopsis more than blurring at equivalent VA reductions. However, this difference was absent in contour-based symbols under binocular vision impairment conditions. Significant differences in stereopsis emerged between monocular and binocular vision within the opacification contour-based groups. These differences were less evident in the opacification and blurring groups using random-dot-based patterns. In terms of symbols, the contour-based test demonstrated superior results to the random-dot-based test, particularly under decreased VA. In sum, the method of VA reduction and the choice of stereogram significantly impact distance stereopsis outcomes. This understanding can guide clinical assessments of stereopsis in individuals with varying visual impairments.

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