Stereophotogrammetric study of growth and development of the nose

Facial volume changes during normal human growth and development

“…Therefore, they lose a part of the information contained in the analyzed structure. A better approximation may be given by laser scanning techniques (Bush and Antonyshyn, 1996;Moss et al, 1994), moiré stripes (Kawai et al, 1990), or even stereophotogrammetry (Burke and Hughes-Lawson, 1989): these methods produce facial maps that consider the actual irregularities between soft tissue landmarks. Nevertheless, the data provided by such instruments are often too complex for clinical or even research purposes, especially when large numbers of subjects are to be analyzed, or when longitudinal evaluations are planned (Farkas, 1996).…”

“…Their use is thus limited to the assessment of selected patients in clinical settings, and no normative data exist. Other investigations have analyzed three-dimensional landmark data obtained through stereophotogrammetry, and the volumes of selected parts of the face in non-patient subjects have been calculated (Burke and Hughes-Lawson, 1989).…”

Age- and sex-related changes in the normal human external nose

“…Overall, quantitative data on the age-related changes in nasal dimensions during growth, development and aging have been reported for several Caucasoid subgroups: children, adolescents, and adults of central European descent [3], Dutch children and adolescents [40], English children and adolescents [42], Italian children, adolescents and adults [1,43], North American children, adolescents and young adults [16,29,39,44], and Turkish adults [38,45]. Reports on other ethnic groups can also be found: Afroamerican women [46], Chilean adults [41], Chinese adults [18,36], Indian infant boys and girls [47], Iranian women [23], Japanese children [19], and Malaysian adults [48] have been investigated in the last 10 years.…”

“…For instance, reference data are necessary for surgeons treating facial deformities: diagnosis and treatment should obtain harmonious facial characteristics concurring to a sound functionality [12,13,[15][16][17][18][19][20]23,32,39,41,42].…”

Craniofacial sexual dimorphism in a Northern-Greek pre-pubertal population

“…However, a number of studies on pre-pubertal populations indicate the lack of statistical significant differences between the sexes on the means of some variables, even, in some cases, the girls' means are bigger than the boys' means (Twiessellman 1969, Hautvast 1971, Snyder et al 1977, Buck & Brown 1987, Mamadras 1988, Burke & Hughes-Lawson 1989, Bishara et al 1990. Most of the growth studies using univariate statistical techniques, cannot explore differences between the sexes in the craniofacial shape patterns.…”