Stepping up from opt-out: Achieving 100% uptake antenatal human immunodeficiency virus testing

Abstract

All pregnant women in the United Kingdom are offered and encouraged to take up screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and syphilis, with excellent uptake rates and engagement in care resulting in very few infants being infected with HIV in the United Kingdom. However, in that small number of women who decline testing, there remains an opportunity to offer further support to test and engage them and their baby in care, even if this happens in labour or immediately after birth. In addition, these women may be at increased risk of HIV. Our hospital is in an extremely high prevalence area for HIV, and most untested individuals are of childbearing age. We embarked on a quality improvement project to engage all women delivering at our unit in HIV testing or to test their babies via cord blood at birth. We sought to do this in a constructive and inclusive way, led by the HIV specialist midwife with the support of the HIV antenatal and the hospital senior management teams. Following an initial evaluation, the approach was modified and an innovative approach together with a trusted advocate was used to engage a particularly hard-to-reach group. We have achieved 100% uptake of HIV testing and made two HIV diagnoses that would not otherwise have been made; both in women who reported themselves not to be at risk and both engaged in care and delivered HIV-negative infants.

Improved antenatal HIV screening coverage with a switch from opt-in to opt-out testing in the northern region of New Zealand

“…We have addressed one area, for women who already access antenatal screening, whereas a comprehensive program should ensure all women can access screening during pregnancy or at delivery. 11,12 During the consultation it was apparent that practices surrounding HIV screening in pregnancy are not transparent to the community sector and policy makers and they may not reflect current bestpractice; therefore, we strongly recommend national oversight of this area, starting with an audit of current antenatal HIV testing policy and uptake in all localities (including ethnicity data), and an unequivocal move to national opt-out testing.…”

From Policy to Practice: A Process Evaluation of Implementing Opt-Out HIV Testing in Antenatal Clinics Across Ghana

“…Despite these concerns, mainstream HIV testing research has remained outcome-related (Ayisi Addo et al, 2018;Tetteh & Agyarko, 2017). These studies have recorded high but variable testing uptake, ranging from 29-87%;, suggesting implementation differences across settings (Kingston et al, 2022;Soh et al, 2022). Also, the desired impact of the reported testing uptake is contingent on behavioural outcomes such as partner disclosure and enrolling in and adhering to PMTCT services (Flash et al, 2015).…”