Step-Growth Polymers from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL)-Based Aromatic Difunctional Monomers

Bio-based monomers for amide-containing sustainable polymers

“…Chapter 9 in book Cashew Nut Shell Liquid gives an excellent summary of aromatic difunctional monomers from cashew nut shell liquid for step-growth polymerization. 94…”

New High-Performance Materials: Bio-Based, Eco-Friendly Polyimides

“…Various natural, eco-friendly chemical structures have been produced and used after several modifications of their chemical function to access sustainable and eco-friendly polymers. These include vanillin [29] or bio-succinic acid [30] for semi-aromatic polyesters, lignins for phenolic oligomers [31], epoxidized castor oils for thermosetting architectures [32], catechol-based moieties for highly adhesive polymers [33], biodegradable copolymers from SO2, renewable eugenol for biodegradable materials [34] or cashew nut shell liquid for various systems [35].…”

Synthesis and characterization of partially bio-based polyimides based on biphenylene-containing diisocyanate derived from vanillic acid

“…Aromatic polyimides possess rigid chains and strong inter-chain interactions originating from their intra-and inter-chain charge transfer complex (CTC) formation and electronic polarization, which results in their poor solubility in organic solvents, and consequently possess difficulties in their processability [5]. Therefore, significant efforts have been made in the past to improve the solubility and melt processability of aromatic polyimides by structural modifications which include: i) incorporation of hinge atoms, alkylene or 'kinked' structure in polymer backbone [6][7][8] and, ii) incorporation of pendant bulky substituents or flexible groups [9][10][11]. The incorporation of 'kinked' units in polyimide backbone is of great interest because it results in solubility enhancement without much compromise on thermal characteristics [12].…”

“…However, the use of petroleum resources for the synthesis of polymers is insecure because of their finite stocks, non-renewability and environmental issues [16][17][18]. In this context, academic and industrial research laboratories have focused the attention on monomers and polymers based on bio-resources such as starch, cellulose, lignin, cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), terpenes and so on [11,[18][19][20][21][22][23]. A range of difunctional monomers useful for the preparation of polymers such as (semi)aromatic polycarbonates, polyesters, polyamides and polyimides have been reported [10,11,20,[24][25][26].…”

“…On the other hand, only limited examples of bio-based difunctional monomers such as diamines and diisocyanates suitable for synthesis of aromatic polyimides are available in the literature [6,9,11,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37].…”