“…Factors previously shown to contribute to ISR include age, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hyperlipidemia, small diameter stent (≤4 mm), longer stent length, tortuous V1 segment, long stenosis (>10 mm), contralateral VA hypoplasia, and contralateral VA occlusion at the time of stenting [ 17 , 25 – 34 ]. The VAO has a high elastin concentration, which may increase the risk of stent recoil, kinking, and deformation, and contribute to ISR [ 35 , 36 ].…”