Stem endophytes increase root development, photosynthesis, and survival of elm plantlets (Ulmus minor Mill.)

Martínez‐Arias, Clara; Sobrino-Plata, Juan; Medel, David Viladés; Gil, Luís; Martín, Juan A.; Rodríguez‐Calcerrada, Jesús

doi:10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153420

Cited by 19 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Besides genetic resistance, the fungal community is postulated to be an important additional defense layer contributing to elm resistance to O. novo-ulmi. Previous research evidenced the role of the three elm endophytes used in this study in enhancing resistance to O. novo-ulmi (YCB36 strain) or to abiotic stress (P5 and YM11 strains) [47,48]. Here, endophytes P5 (Cystobasium) and YM11 (Chaetothyriales) were detected in the stem of non-endophyte inoculated E−O− plants, supporting the idea that they belong to the core microbiome and are extensive colonizers of the stem [46], unlike YCB36 which was barely present in E−O− (Figure 4).…”

Section: Antioxidant Enzyme Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…Three technical replicates were processed for each PCR run. To compare the data from different PCR runs or cDNA samples, the mean of the threshold cycle (Ct) values of the three technical replicates was normalized to the mean Ct value of Ri18S (18S ribosomal RNA, housekeeping gene from U. minor), which showed consistent and constant expression in previous works [48,57]. The ∆∆Ct method was used to obtain expression ratios [68].…”

Section: Gene-expression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteins were extracted from 0.3 g of the pooled powdered material by using 1 mL of extraction buffer solution. This solution was prepared as described by Martínez-Arias et al [48].…”

Section: Antioxidant Enzyme Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this way, a recent metabarcoding study performed on U. minor genotypes with varying levels of susceptibility to DED (ranging from tolerant to susceptible) revealed that the relative abundance of some fungal core endophytes was associated to host resistance [46]. More recently, two fungal isolates belonging to this group of putative beneficial endophytes (classes Cystobasidiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes), and an additional isolate (Phaeosphaeriaceae) with a strong in vitro antibiotic activity towards O. novo-ulmi, have shown positive effects on plant stress tolerance [47,48]. We hypothesize that (i) U. minor PRRs recognize the MAMPs secreted by these endophytic fungi, triggering a signaling cascade that primes plant defense when the plant is exposed to O. novo-ulmi; (ii) endophyte presence in U. minor tissues modifies the plant antioxidant machinery, enhancing protection against the oxidative stress caused by the pathogen; and (iii) both previous mechanisms reduce the spread and negative effects of O. novo-ulmi in host plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Priming of Plant Defenses against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by Elm (Ulmus minor Mill.) Fungal Endophytes

Martínez‐Arias

Sobrino-Plata

Gil

et al. 2021

JoF

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Some fungal endophytes of forest trees are recognized as beneficial symbionts against stresses. In previous works, two elm endophytes from the classes Cystobasidiomycetes and Eurotiomycetes promoted host resistance to abiotic stress, and another elm endophyte from Dothideomycetes enhanced host resistance to Dutch elm disease (DED). Here, we hypothesize that the combined effect of these endophytes activate the plant immune and/or antioxidant system, leading to a defense priming and/or increased oxidative protection when exposed to the DED pathogen Ophiostoma novo-ulmi. To test this hypothesis, the short-term defense gene activation and antioxidant response were evaluated in DED-susceptible (MDV1) and DED-resistant (VAD2 and MDV2.3) Ulmus minor genotypes inoculated with O. novo-ulmi, as well as two weeks earlier with a mixture of the above-mentioned endophytes. Endophyte inoculation induced a generalized transient defense activation mediated primarily by salicylic acid (SA). Subsequent pathogen inoculation resulted in a primed defense response of variable intensity among genotypes. Genotypes MDV1 and VAD2 displayed a defense priming driven by SA, jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET), causing a reduced pathogen spread in MDV1. Meanwhile, the genotype MDV2.3 showed lower defense priming but a stronger and earlier antioxidant response. The defense priming stimulated by elm fungal endophytes broadens our current knowledge of the ecological functions of endophytic fungi in forest trees and opens new prospects for their use in the biocontrol of plant diseases.

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Section: Antioxidant Enzyme Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Gene-expression Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Proteins were extracted from 0.3 g of the pooled powdered material by using 1 mL of extraction buffer solution. This solution was prepared as described by Martínez-Arias et al [48].…”

Section: Antioxidant Enzyme Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Priming of Plant Defenses against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by Elm (Ulmus minor Mill.) Fungal Endophytes

Martínez‐Arias

Sobrino-Plata

Gil

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…Recently, an association has been reported between the abundance of certain members of the U. minor core mycobiome and the degree of host resistance to DED (Macaya-Sanz et al 2020). Certain elm endophytes have demonstrated biocontrol potential against DED (Martínez-Arias et al 2021c), and activity in their hosts as growth stimulators and abiotic stress reducers (Martínez-Arias et al 2021b). Furthermore, novel and low-cost screening techniques with early developed in vitro elm plants have been developed to shorten the long breeding cycles and the large experimental areas required with the current elm breeding methods (Martín et al 2019a;Martínez-Arias et al 2021b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No priming, just fighting—endophytic yeast attenuates the defense response and the stress induced by Dutch elm disease inUlmus minorMill.

et al. 2022

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One century after the first report of Dutch Elm Disease (DED), there is still no practical solution for this problem threatening European and American elms (Ulmus spp.). The long breeding cycles needed to select resistant genotypes and the lack of efficient treatments keep disease incidence at high levels. In the present work, the expression of defense-related genes to the causal agent of DED, Ophiostoma novo-ulmi, were analyzed in in vitro clonal plantlets from two DED-resistant and two DED-susceptible U. minor trees. In addition, the effect of the inoculation of an endophytic pink-pigmented yeast (Cystobasidium sp.) on the plant’s defense system was tested both individually and in combination with O. novo-ulmi. The multifactorial nature of the resistance to DED was confirmed, as no common molecular response was found in the two resistant genotypes. However, the in vitro experimental system allowed to discriminate the susceptible from the resistant genotypes, showing higher levels of oxidative damage and phenolic compounds in the susceptible genotypes after pathogen inoculation. Inoculation of the endophyte before O. novo-ulmi attenuated the plant molecular response induced by the pathogen and moderated oxidative stress levels. Niche competition, endophyte-pathogen antagonism, and molecular crosstalk between the host and the endophyte are discussed as possible mechanisms of stress reduction. In sum, our results confirm the multifactorial nature of DED resistance mechanisms and highlight the possibility of using certain endophytic yeasts as biological tools to improve tree resilience against biotic stress.

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Targeted control of soil erosion through selective regulation of Eleocharis yokoscensis using mixed endophytes

Gao,

Xiao,

Liu

et al. 2023

CATENA

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Stem endophytes increase root development, photosynthesis, and survival of elm plantlets (Ulmus minor Mill.)

Cited by 19 publications

References 104 publications

Priming of Plant Defenses against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by Elm (Ulmus minor Mill.) Fungal Endophytes

Priming of Plant Defenses against Ophiostoma novo-ulmi by Elm (Ulmus minor Mill.) Fungal Endophytes

No priming, just fighting—endophytic yeast attenuates the defense response and the stress induced by Dutch elm disease inUlmus minorMill.

Targeted control of soil erosion through selective regulation of Eleocharis yokoscensis using mixed endophytes

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