Stem Cells in Tumour Microenvironment Aid in Prolonged Survival Rate of Cancer Cells and Developed Drug Resistance: Major Challenge in Osteosarcoma Treatment

Abstract

Osteosarcoma is an aggressive bone cancer found in children and adolescents. The combined treatment strategy includes the surgical removal of tumour and subsequent chemotherapy to prevent the reoccurrence has been a widely accepted approach. However, the drug resistance developed by tumour cells causes recurrence of cancer. It is imperative to understand the molecular mechanism involved in the development of drug resistance and tumour progression for developing potential therapy. Tumour microenvironment and cellular cross-talk via activation of various signalling pathways are responsible for tumour progression and metastasis. The comprehensive reviews are already available on the tumour microenvironment, signalling cascades responsible for tumour progression, and cellular crosstalk between malignant cells and immune cells. Therefore, we intend to provide comprehend review postulating the importance of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in osteosarcoma progression and metastasis. This paper is aimed to provide information sequentially includes: tumour microenvironment, MSCs role in osteosarcoma progression, the hypoxic environment in MSCs recruitment at the tumour site and the importance of exosomes in tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Overall, this review may enlighten the research on the role of MSCs and MSCs derived exosome in osteosarcoma progression and drug resistance. This possibly may result in developing novel therapeutic approaches to combat the osteosarcoma effectively and contributes for the development of prognosis tools for early diagnosis.

Study on PI3k gene expression in breast cancer samples and its association with clinical factors and patient survival

“…Similar to the present study, other studies have been performed to investigate the relationship between PI3k gene expression and the overall survival time of patients (36,37). In cancer research, the survival rate is considered one of the disease's leading prognostic indicators (38). In addition to various demographic factors, this index is affected by the cancer stage at the time of diagnosis, facilities, and diagnostic and therapeutic measures.…”

Cold Atmospheric Plasma: A New Strategy Based Primarily on Oxidative Stress for Osteosarcoma Therapy

“…Furthermore, MSCs encourage tumor cell growth by secreting a large number of cytokines and growth factors, such as IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ; promote angiogenesis by secreting VEGF; and help to evade the immune system by secreting cytokines, such as TGF-β [ 145 , 146 ]. MSCs have also been shown to secrete several pro-inflammatory factors, such as IL-8, and foster OS stemness [ 147 ].…”

Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles in Osteosarcoma Pathogenesis and Therapy

“…The presence of MSCs in the OS microenvironment is an important part of the OS cell survival mechanism and the development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs [50]. OS induces the expression of IL-6 in MSCs, which in turn activates STAT3 signaling in OS cells and further renders them resistant to the chemotherapeutic drugs, such as doxorubicin or cisplatin, used to treat OS (Figure 2) [25].…”