Stem Cells and Extrusion 3D Printing for Hyaline Cartilage Engineering

Abstract

Hyaline cartilage is deficient in self-healing properties. The early treatment of focal cartilage lesions is a public health challenge to prevent long-term degradation and the occurrence of osteoarthritis. Cartilage tissue engineering represents a promising alternative to the current insufficient surgical solutions. 3D printing is a thriving technology and offers new possibilities for personalized regenerative medicine. Extrusion-based processes permit the deposition of cell-seeded bioinks, in a layer-by-layer manner, allowing mimicry of the native zonal organization of hyaline cartilage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell source for cartilage tissue engineering. Originally isolated from bone marrow, they can now be derived from many different cell sources (e.g., synovium, dental pulp, Wharton’s jelly). Their proliferation and differentiation potential are well characterized, and they possess good chondrogenic potential, making them appropriate candidates for cartilage reconstruction. This review summarizes the different sources, origins, and densities of MSCs used in extrusion-based bioprinting (EBB) processes, as alternatives to chondrocytes. The different bioink constituents and their advantages for producing substitutes mimicking healthy hyaline cartilage is also discussed.

Mapping Thematic Trends and Analysing Hotspots Concerning the Use of Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration: A Bibliometric Analysis From 2010 to 2020

“…In the 2000s, 3D printing was used in the production of surgical models and later developed to be used in the production of live cell structures, including articular cartilage. There are also different strategies regarding the product formation process, inkjet printing, laser-assisted printing, and bioextrusion ( Wu et al, 2018 ; Messaoudi et al, 2020 ). The materials used for 3D printing (bioink) are a hot and difficult point.…”

Cutting-Edge Technologies for Inflamed Joints on Chip: How Close Are We?

“…Inkjet bioprinting was the first bioprinting technique, and is divided in thermal, electrostatic or piezoelectric inkjet bioprinting ( 71 ). Bioinks are ejected based on drop-on-demand technology (DOD) that provides high resolution printing ( 72 , 73 ). This method offers low-cost production, digital control of highly resolution patterns and high printing speed.…”

Bioprinting of Complex Multicellular Organs with Advanced Functionality—Recent Progress and Challenges Ahead

“…[232] Virtually all of these nuanced aspects of matrix biology are lost in the current reductionist approach to bioink development. Certainly, this reductionist approach to bioink development is not a subject of concern when engineering regenerative materials, [233,234] given the temporary nature of the scaffolds. However, these questions may become more significant when organs are to be bioprinted with the desired level of biological precision that will be required to manufacture functional body parts in the lab from the get go.…”