Stem cell renewal and contraction of the tunica media caused by a damaged blood vessel following a thick needle stab

Abstract

A marked difference in the healing process of the inferior vena cava in rats following a stab with a 17-G (1.48 mm phi) ultrahard zirconium ceramic (Zr) needle and with a common stainless steel (St) needle (also 1.48 mm phi was observed. This was investigated in vivo by histological imaging and biochemical micro-autoradiographic imaging using [2-(14)C]-thymidine as a biomarker in vivo. On the first day after the stab with either, the Zr or the St injection needle, the tunica adventitia showed the most pronounced damage, as evidenced by a large puncture wound characterized by blood congestion, but with few inflammatory cells being observed. A marked contraction of the tunica media was observed. The depth of the injury reached the tunica layer, but amounted to less than 1/3 of the needle diameter. Loose fragments of the endothelial lining were detected, together with scattered red corpuscles. The survival rate of the experimental animals amounted to less than 40% on the 3rd day after the stab by either the Zr or St needle, due to the large needle diameter. In addition, histological imaging of the wound area in the endothelial layer and tunica media showed considerable congestion and inflammation, which limited the evaluation of the regeneration status of the inferior vena cava of the surviving animals. Results were obtained from a few animals that displayed satisfactory recovery status. On the 3rd day after the stab by either the Zr or St injection needle, a relatively large proportion of the hemostatic clots became incorporated into the collagenous tissue, i.e. the tunica adventitia. A marked contraction of the tunica media was also observed, similar to that on the 1st day, following the needle injury. In the case of the endothelium (tunica intima), the injury caused by the Zr needle was reinfiltrated by adult stem cells 3 days after the stab, but the tunica media, composed of endothelial cells, still contained relatively contracted collagenous material. In addition, several interesting cell colonies were observed in the medial layer at the short distance from the boundary of the damaged tissue. It was assumed that these colonies produced medial tissue composed of collagenous supporting tissue or smooth muscle cells. In the experiment using the St needle, the incorporation of [2-(14)C]-thymidine into the nucleus of the stem cells was observed in the small capillaries of the tunica media, but not in the support cells of the latter.

Biological Evaluation of Implant Drill Made from Zirconium Dioxide

“…In the case of soft tissue, zirconia needles are able to accelerate stem cell recruitment when compared to stainless steel needles 6. Stem cell recruitment is an important factor for new bone formation 14.…”