Stem Cell-Laden Hydrogel-Based 3D Bioprinting for Bone and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Tremendous advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have revealed the potential of fabricating biomaterials to solve the dilemma of bone and articular defects by promoting osteochondral and cartilage regeneration. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is an innovative fabrication technology to precisely distribute the cell-laden bioink for the construction of artificial tissues, demonstrating great prospect in bone and joint construction areas. With well controllable printability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and mechanical properties, hydrogels have been emerging as an attractive 3D bioprinting material, which provides a favorable biomimetic microenvironment for cell adhesion, orientation, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Stem cell-based therapy has been known as a promising approach in regenerative medicine; however, limitations arise from the uncontrollable proliferation, migration, and differentiation of the stem cells and fortunately could be improved after stem cells were encapsulated in the hydrogel. In this review, our focus was centered on the characterization and application of stem cell-laden hydrogel-based 3D bioprinting for bone and cartilage tissue engineering. We not only highlighted the effect of various kinds of hydrogels, stem cells, inorganic particles, and growth factors on chondrogenesis and osteogenesis but also outlined the relationship between biophysical properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, osteoinductivity, and the regeneration of bone and cartilage. This study was invented to discuss the challenge we have been encountering, the recent progress we have achieved, and the future perspective we have proposed for in this field.

Osteogenic and anti-osteoclastogenic properties of tannic acid-modified sodium alginate/chitosan microspheres for bone defect repair

“…Hydrogels are primarily formed through crosslinking hydrophilic polymers or macromonomers, resulting in highly hydrated three-dimensional network scaffolds. Due to their structure and physicochemical properties that closely resemble the extracellular matrix, hydrogels are frequently designed as biomimetic extracellular matrix-like scaffold materials for tissue repair and regeneration studies [23][24][25].…”

Bioprinting Technologies and Bioinks for Vascular Model Establishment

“…This is due to the multi-directional differentiation potential of stem cells, and their proliferative capabilities being much stronger than those of adult cells, which plays a key role in biomedical fields and 3D bioprinting, especially when building complex organs. The cell population is essential for vascular network formation and subsequent physiological functionalization [37,[202][203][204][205][206].…”

Wearable and implantable artificial kidney devices for end‐stage kidney disease treatment: Current status and review

“…Different types of bioprinting techniques such as inkjet‐, extrusion‐, laser(polymerization)‐based, and other are available that permit a resolution of structures on the scale of the tenth to hundreds of micrometers 120,121 . While a major focus of bioprinting is currently on printing of relatively “simple” organized tissues like bone, cartilage, and skin for therapeutic interventions, 122 a major focus is currently also bioprinting different types of tumor and healthy tissue models that can be used in fundamental research and testing the effect of pharmaceutics in more physiologically relevant 3D models to have more relevant in vitro models than conventional 2D cultures and preclinical rodent models 123,124 . Most challenging, however, remains the printing of solid organs due to their complexity regarding internal structures, intricate arrangement of ECM components and cells as well as vascularization and innervation required immediately after implantation to avoid hypoxia and necrosis of bioprinted tissues and organs 121 .…”