Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Potential Therapeutic Roles in Cardiovascular Diseases

Abstract

Owing to myocardial abnormalities, cardiac ailments are considered to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to a recent study, membranous vesicles that are produced naturally, termed as “exosomes”, have emerged as the potential candidate in the field of cardiac regenerative medicine. A wide spectrum of stem cells has also been investigated in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Exosomes obtained from the stem cells are found to be cardioprotective and offer great hope in the treatment of CVD. The basic nature of exosomes is to deal with the intracellular delivery of both proteins and nucleic acids. This activity of exosomes helps us to rely on them as the attractive pharmaceutical delivery agents. Most importantly, exosomes derived from microRNAs (miRNAs) hold great promise in assessing the risk of CVD, as they serve as notable biomarkers of the disease. Exosomes are small, less immunogenic, and lack toxicity. These nanovesicles harbor immense potential as a therapeutic entity and would provide fruitful benefits if consequential research were focused on their upbringing and development as a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in the field of medicine.

New Approaches for Enhancement of the Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases

“…Exosomes show no obvious adverse reactions, such as fever and allergic or hemolytic reactions [182]. Additionally, exosomes can produce stronger therapeutic effects, as they can cross capillaries without plugging because they are much smaller than their parent cells [183]. Repeated administrations of BM-MSC-derived exosomes did not show any harmful immune reactions or toxicity in mice as evaluated by immunotyping of various tissues and histological examinations [128,184].…”

“…More studies are also needed to evaluate the best route of administration of exosomes, their optimal dose, and their pharmacokinetics and biodistribution inside the body. Importantly, the engineered exosomes should be tested for their efficacy, immunogenicity, and safety in general [183][184][185].…”

Pleiotropic effects of DCLK1 in cancer and cancer stem cells

“…Exosomes which are small nanosized extracellular vesicles are cell released components with significant cell-to-cell communication, signal transmission between cancer and immune cells, and tumor microenvironment modifications functions ( Zhang et al, 2019 ). Exosomes ranges from 30 to 150 nm in size ( Jayaraman et al, 2021 ) and are released as a result of endosome biogenesis when multivesicular bodies fuse with the cell membrane ( Kalluri and LeBleu 2020 ). A recent work reported on the formation of extracellular vesicle (EV/exosome) in gastric cancer under the impact of DCLK1 ( Carli et al, 2021 ).…”

Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Drug-Delivery Systems through Intracellular Communications

“…However, because liposomes are non-natural substances in the human body, problems such as immunogenicity and biotoxicity remain. On the other hand, EVs are natural substances with low immunogenicity and biotoxicity [103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116]. Cancer-cell-derived EVs include cancer antigens according to individual cancer types, and the anti-tumor immune response is induced by the uptake of dendritic cells, which are the main antigen-presenting cells [117][118][119][120].…”