Steels for bearings

Bhadeshia, H. K. D. H.

doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2011.06.002

Cited by 854 publications

(535 citation statements)

References 557 publications

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“…Retained austenite content as well as thermal and mechanical stability of retained austenite are important and might be very different for the investigated steel grades. Contrarily, higher retained austenite contents might be desirable for the performance of certain bearing applications [13].…”

Section: Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Bearing steels for induction hardening – Part I

Wendel

Hoffmann

Datchary

2016

HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials

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Abstract/KurzfassungSurface induction hardening, through induction hardening, and induction tempering of components like rolling elements or rings are established in production and are further developed in research and development. Among others, the used steel grade for induction hardening is one important factor affecting the induction hardening result. The present study benchmarks potential and existing bearing steels in terms of their induction hardening response. Steel grades with low to high carbon contents and different alloying strategies were selected. The robustness of the heat treatment result depending on the selected steels and their prior conditions, prior to induction hardening, shall be pointed out. A dilatometer study was used to compare the sensitivity of martensite start temperature (M S ), hardness after quenching, prior austenite grain size, and appearance of non-martensitic transformation products, for varied process parameters. The study showed the pronounced effect of the steels` prior microstructure, prior to induction hardening, on the hardening response. The alloying with silicon and manganese reduced the amount of non-martensitic transformation products after hardening. Increasing amounts of alloying elements led in general to larger changes in M S temperature and lower hardness after hardening. n

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Section: Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Bearing steels for induction hardening – Part I

Wendel

Hoffmann

Datchary

2016

HTM Journal of Heat Treatment and Materials

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“…On the other hand, AW additives interact with the steel surface either by adsorption or chemical reaction to form the tribofilm [24,25] and therefore it is feasible that microscopic variations in the substrate material composition could influence the film growth locally, which would contribute to the reported uneven coverage of the surface. The microstructure of most hard steels used in tribological applications, such as bearing and gear steels, is highly inhomogeneous and consist not only of a martensitic or bainitic matrix, but also of other phases with distinctive chemical composition, crystallographic structure and mechanical properties, such as residual carbides, retained austenite and non-metallic inclusions [26,27,28,29]. Two of these microstructural constituents, namely residual carbides and retained austenite, often exhibit sizes very similar to tribofilm islands.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is also the most popular bearing material [34]. After heat treatment typical for bearing applications (austenitisation at approximately 860 C followed by quenching and tempering at about 160 C) its microstructure consists of a tempered martensite matrix, 6-16 vol.% of retained austenite 1 [35,36] and approximately 3-4 vol.% of residual carbides 2 [26]. The latter are normally present as spheroidal cementite (M 3 C, where M stands for Fe or Cr) particles, about 0.3-1 mm in diameter [26,27,37,38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between ZDDP tribofilm morphology and the microstructure of steel

Rydel

Pagkalis

Kadiric

et al. 2017

Tribology International

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The microstructure of most hard steels used in tribological applications is inhomogeneous at a micro-scale. This results in local variations in chemical composition and mechanical properties. On a similar scale, tribofilms formed by ZDDP and other anti-wear additives are commonly observed to exhibit a patch-like morphology. ZDDP tribofilms formed under controlled contact conditions on four di↵erent steel grades were carefully studied with a new AFM technique to analyse the relationship between the steel microstructure and the tribofilm morphology. Tribofilms were found to be thinner on residual carbides than on the martensitic matrix in all grades containing residual carbides. In most cases, the di↵erence in tribofilm thickness is larger than the carbide protrusion.

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“…The heterogeneity of carbide in bearing steel has an important influence on RCF performance [14]. This paper mainly introduced the influence mechanism of banded carbide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of banded carbide structure on the rolling contact fatigue of GCr15 bearing steel

Li¹,

Zhang²

2017

Proceedings of the 2017 5th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 20

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In this paper, the influence of banded carbide structure on Rolling Contact Fatigue (RCF) of GCr15 bearing steel was investigated by using MMS-2A double-roller wear tester under dry friction at room temperature. Surface damage was characterized using SEM and OM. The results showed that with the increase of banded carbide grade, wear rate and friction coefficient were obviously increased and contact fatigue performance was deteriorated. For the high grade of banded carbide, the main failure form is fatigue pits and surface cracks. On the contrary, for the low grade of banded carbide, the main failure form is flaking off. Besides, with the increment of banded carbide grade, the thickness of plastic deformation layer increase. The fatigue cracks easy propagated in the plastic deformation layer along the rolling direction. Therefore, by reducing the banded carbide grade can effectively improve the rolling contact fatigue properties of bearing steel. Key words: GCr15 bearing steel; banded carbide; RCF 1.IntroductionBearing balls and rolling-element bearings experience subsurface initiated fatigue failures due to RCF.The bearings used in practical applications are designed to operate at nominal stress levels well below the yield strengths of the materials. However, the presence of imperfections and non-metallic inclusions introduces heterogeneity at the microstructural level [1].With increasing in number of cycles, the ratcheting strain accrues, and therefore it can serve as a meaningful parameter to quantify the evolution of a material damage due to RCF [2,3].Once this damage reaches a critical value, a fatigue crack nucleates in the subsurface of a material. Since this local plastic strain accumulation takes place in the vicinity of carbides, it is important to understand their role towards ratcheting under RCF loading conditions. Generally, the influence factors of RCF failure of bearing steel is non-metallic inclusion, distribution of carbide and purity of steel. Undoubtedly, previous studies have showed the RCF would reduce the life and reliability of many useful components, such as gears, rolling bearings [4][5][6]. Nagao M find the stiffness of an inclusion and its location have a significant effect on the RCF life, stiffer inclusions and inclusions located at the depth of maximum shear stress reversal are more detrimental to the RCF life [7].T.Karsch studied the effects of hydrogen content and microstructure on fatigue behavior of steel GCr15 in the VHCF regime [8],and it is found that increased hydrogen content in bearing steel at 5 ppm (by weight) will significantly promote bearing spalling failure [9,10]. Shigeo shmizu's studies show that the bearing fatigue life is directly related to the instantaneous contact time, with the increase of the instantaneous contact time, the fatigue life is also increased [11]. O.P.Datsyshyn introduced the mechanism of fatigue crack propagation in metallic materials [12]. G.John put forward the using of bearing steel under normal conditions, due

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Steels for bearings

Cited by 854 publications

References 557 publications

Bearing steels for induction hardening – Part I

Bearing steels for induction hardening – Part I

The correlation between ZDDP tribofilm morphology and the microstructure of steel

Effect of banded carbide structure on the rolling contact fatigue of GCr15 bearing steel

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