Steel corrosion in concrete – Achilles' heel for sustainable concrete?

Angst, Ueli

doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2023.107239

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Also, solidification of carbon dioxide is beneficial for mitigating the environmental problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Although studies have shown that carbonization reduces the total porosity of RA by approximately 30% [ 70 , 71 ], water absorption by 5–45% [ 67 ], and electrical conductivity and chloride ion permeability by approximately 70% [ 72 ], excessive carbonation may cause adverse effects, i.e., lower pH values and chloride thresholds for corrosion initiation [ 73 ]. For this reason, alkaline SCMs such as red mud (RM) may counteract this negative effect when applied in carbonated RAC [ 49 ], which requires further investigation.…”

Section: Enhancement Methods For Racmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chloride Penetration of Recycled Concrete with Enhancement Treatment and Service Life Prediction

Wang,

Liao,

Zhang

2024

Materials

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The application of recycled coarse aggregate (RA) in structural concrete can save non-renewable resources and reduce land occupation. Developing comprehensive knowledge of chloride penetration and service life modeling of recycled coarse aggregate concrete (RAC) is a prerequisite for practice. However, compared with the natural aggregate concrete (NAC), the inferior durability performance, especially chloride penetration resistance, of RAC hinders its application in structural concrete. Therefore, many RAC performance enhancement methods have been proposed. This paper presents a holistic review focused on the chloride penetration of RAC with/without enhancement methods and service life prediction. The current RAC performance enhancement methods are introduced. The improvement effect of the corresponding enhancement methods on the chloride penetration resistance of RAC are discussed and analyzed in turn. Based on the reviewed data on the chloride diffusion coefficient, the modification efficiencies of assorted enhancement methods are summarized. With the hope of promoting RAC application in structural concrete, the current literature on chloride-ingress-based service life prediction for RAC is also overviewed. In addition, the typical influencing factors on chloride transport properties are also discussed, i.e., RA quality. It can be concluded that enhancement techniques can effectively improve the chloride penetration resistance of RAC. The old mortar enhancement or removal methods can improve the chloride penetration resistance by 15–30%, depending on the specific treatment measures. The modification efficiency of the modifier material depends on the specific type and content of the incorporated substance, which ranges from approximately 5% to 95%. The estimated service life of RAC structures decreases with the increasing RA replacement ratio. Finally, concluding remarks are provided concerning future research on the chloride transport behavior of RAC.

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Section: Enhancement Methods For Racmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Chloride Penetration of Recycled Concrete with Enhancement Treatment and Service Life Prediction

Wang,

Liao,

Zhang

2024

Materials

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“…152 More importantly, high carbonation has been demonstrated to not always cause rapid corrosion of steel reinforcement. 153 Instead of measuring carbonation rate and/or chloride diffusion as predictors of steel corrosion, it is suggested here that actual steel corrosion is measured in carbonated concrete as a more accurate predictor of service-life. In such tests, it remains a challenge to relate laboratory measurements to service-life, which should be an active area of academic research.…”

Section: A Feasible Scale-up Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Why geopolymers and alkali‐activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution

Kriven,

Leonelli,

Provis

et al. 2024

J Am Ceram Soc.

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This perspective article delves into the transformative potential of alkali‐activated materials, acid‐activated materials, and geopolymers in mitigating climate change and market challenges. To harness the benefits of these materials, a comprehensive strategy is proposed. This strategy aims to integrate these materials into existing construction regulations, facilitate certification, and promote market access. Emphasizing research and innovation, the article advocates for, increased funding to refine the chemistry and production of these materials, prioritizing low‐cost alternatives and local waste materials. Collaboration between academia and industry is encouraged to expedite technological advances and broaden applications. This article also underscores the need to develop economic and business models emphasizing the long‐term benefits of these materials, including lower life‐cycle costs and reduced environmental impact. Incentivizing adoption through financial mechanisms like tax credits and subsidies is suggested. The strategy also includes scaling up production technology, fostering industrial collaboration for commercial viability, and developing global supply chains. Educational programs for professionals and regulators are recommended to enhance awareness and adoption. Additionally, comprehensive life‐cycle assessments are proposed to demonstrate environmental benefits. The strategy culminates in expanding the applications of these materials beyond construction, fostering international collaboration for knowledge sharing, and thus positioning these materials as essential for sustainable construction and climate change mitigation.

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“…To be accurate, service life models of reinforced concrete structures must consider the different degradation mechanisms occurring at various time and dimensional scales inside the construction materials, and how these mechanisms influence the onsite properties of the infrastructure. Among the different degradation mechanisms, corrosion of the steel reinforcement in concrete is the most common cause of degradation of reinforced concrete structures worldwide [3], which may lead to catastrophic structural failures if not properly prevented [4]. As a matter of fact, corrosion of reinforced concrete has been widely studied over the last decades through countless methodologies and techniques [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the heterogeneity of the material, the complexity of the microscopic physiochemical processes simultaneously occurring in corroding reinforced concrete structures, and their multi-scale effects on the material durability, still hinder the formulation of theories supported by experimental evidence that could elucidate fundamental aspects of the whole multi-scale corrosion mechanism. Hence, substantial progress is still needed in terms of the scientific understanding of all the coupled properties and mechanisms relevant to corrosion and corrosion-related damages [4]. Recent advances in the field of X-Ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) have enabled us to better understand the process of steel corrosion in the context of porous media (in particular, the case of reinforced concrete) and its consequences on their durability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

X-ray computed tomography to observe the presence of water in macropores of cementitious materials

Rossi,

Governo,

Shakoorioskooie

et al. 2024

RILEM Tech Lett

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Corrosion of steel reinforcement in concrete is a common degradation mechanism occurring in infrastructures worldwide. Even though extensive research has been conducted over the last decades to accurately predict the influence of steel corrosion on concrete durability, a comprehensive understanding of several micro-scale processes simultaneously involved in the corrosion mechanism is still lacking. The application of X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) can contribute to elucidate these processes, since this technique allows observing the internal status of specimens non-destructively, over time, and with a spatial resolution in the range of µm. Nevertheless, the relatively low sensitivity of light elements (e.g., hydrogen and oxygen) to X-ray CT may hinder the observation of solution within the cementitious matrix. This consideration is discussed in this letter. The results of this study show that the detection of solution in macropores (e.g., air voids) through X-ray CT is not limited by the relatively low attenuation coefficient of the fluid per se, but more by the spatial resolution at which acquisitions are performed and by the dimensions of the porous volume where solution penetrates. The observations reported in this letter may open several opportunities to further study the influence of the moisture conditions of air voids on several degradation mechanisms of reinforced cementitious materials (e.g., steel corrosion, freeze-thaw damage), which have been rarely investigated with X-ray CT according to the literature. The application of these findings could significantly deepen the understanding of several micro- scale processes that affect the durability of reinforced cementitious materials which still need to be elucidated, as further discussed in the present letter.

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Steel corrosion in concrete – Achilles' heel for sustainable concrete?

Cited by 13 publications

References 59 publications

A Review of Chloride Penetration of Recycled Concrete with Enhancement Treatment and Service Life Prediction

A Review of Chloride Penetration of Recycled Concrete with Enhancement Treatment and Service Life Prediction

Why geopolymers and alkali‐activated materials are key components of a sustainable world: A perspective contribution

X-ray computed tomography to observe the presence of water in macropores of cementitious materials

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