Steam-Foams for Heavy Oil and Bitumen Recovery

Status of surfactant EOR technology

“…Some surfactants like sulfonate groups can be stable above 200°C (Isaacs et al, 1994). The temperature used in steam-foam flooding can be very high (e.g., 250 o C) (Sheng, 2013d).…”

Dynamic surface tensions of Athabasca bitumen vacuum residue including the effect of dissolved air

“…Interfacial tensions for bitumen and water systems have been extensively studied at low temperatures and at various pressures [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]. Oil/aqueous equilibrium interfacial tensions were measured for a number of heavy crude oils at temperatures up to 200 • C using the spinning drop technique, and the effects of surfactant type, temperature, and NaCl and CaCl 2 concentrations on the interfacial tensions were studied by Isaacs et al [8].…”

The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones

“…The Effect of Wettability and Pore Geometry on Foamed Gel Blockage Performance in Gas and Water Producing Zones Laura Romero, SPE, Apostolos Kantzas, SPE, University of Calgary what is required in the reservoir, that is, relatively low resistance near the injection well, where velocities are high, and higher resistance further into the reservoir, where velocities are relatively low 6 . Furtheremore, several studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] indicated that foam flooding increases both volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery rates.…”

“…Furtheremore, several studies [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] indicated that foam flooding increases both volumetric sweep efficiency and oil recovery rates. Several researchers 4,[19][20][21] have observed the complexity of the fluid flow mechanisms in the presence of foam.…”