Steady-state visual evoked potentials reveal frontally-mediated working memory activity in humans

Perlstein, William M.; Cole, Michael; Larson, Michael J.; Kelly, Kiesa G.; Seignourel, Paul J.; Keil, Andreas

doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00226-x

Cited by 81 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The ssmfVEP may be useful for objective perimetry because spectral analyses can be used for automated evaluation of the responses. The steady-state measurements are possibly shorter for similar SNRs than conventional mfVEPs because the whole recording period is used for analysis, whereas in transient measurements, separate intervals for registration of signal response and noise are needed and because eye movements and electromyographic artefacts may be less disturbing in the analysis of ssmfVEP recordings [40,41]. Furthermore, flickering targets in psychophysical perimetric tests are known to be superior to flashing stimuli in diagnosing certain diseases such as glaucoma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steady-state multifocal visual evoked potential (ssmfVEP) using dartboard stimulation as a possible tool for objective visual field assessment

Horn

Selle

Hohberger

et al. 2015

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Our results in normal subjects indicate that reliable mfVEP responses can be achieved by steady-state stimulation using a conventional dartboard stimulator and multi-channel electrode device. The ssmfVEP may be useful for objective visual field assessment as spectrum analysis can be used for automated evaluation of responses. The optimal reversal frequency is 8.6 Hz. Alpha waves have only a minor influence on the analysis. Future studies must include comparisons with conventional mfVEP and psychophysical visual field tests.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steady-state multifocal visual evoked potential (ssmfVEP) using dartboard stimulation as a possible tool for objective visual field assessment

Horn

Selle

Hohberger

et al. 2015

Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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“…Tapping into this knowledge, researchers have built BCIs that use stimuli at different frequencies to represent a set of responses from which the user selects one by paying attention to it. Such BCIs are particularly attractive because occipital SSVEPs have high signal-to-noise ratios and are nearly completely free of eye movement [91] and electromyographic (EMG) artifacts [92,93]. Moreover, SSVEP-based BCIs allow the user to select from a relatively large number [up to 64 of different choices 15,94] without adversely affecting classification accuracy, which tends to range between 64-96.5% [88].…”

Section: Ssvep-based Bcismentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain–computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness

et al. 2012

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Background: Recent neuroimaging research has strikingly demonstrated the existence of covert awareness in some patients with disorders of consciousness (DoC). These findings have highlighted the potential for the development of simple brain-computer interfaces (BCI) for the significant minority of behaviourally unresponsive patients who display consistent signs of covert awareness.Objectives: In this article, we review current EEG-based BCIs that hold potential for assessing and eventually assisting patients with DoC. We highlight key areas for further development that might eventually make their application feasible in this challenging patient group.Methods: We consider the major types of BCIs proposed in the literature, namely those based on the P3 potential, sensorimotor rhythms, steady state oscillations, and slow cortical potentials. In each case, we provide a brief overview of the relevant literature, and then consider their relative merits for BCI applications in DoC.Results: Over the last few decades, a range of BCI designs have been proposed and tested for enabling communication in fully conscious, paralysed patients. Though many of these have potential applicability for patients with DoC, they share some key challenges that need to be overcome, including limitations of stimulation modality, feedback, user training and consistency. Conclusion: Developing feasible BCIs for diagnostics and communication in DoCwill require parallel strands of enquiry. Preliminary exploratory research will need to specifically tailor cognitive tasks that can tap into the forms in which patients could potentially express volition. Alongside, future work will need to address the technical and practical challenges facing reliable implementation at the patient's bedside.

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“…When the subject focuses his attention on the stimulus, EEG activity is detected at the corresponding frequency over occipital areas [7]. The SSVEP-based BCI has many advantages over other EEG-based BCI systems, including (i) a high signal-tonoise ratio , (ii) a high information transfer rate [8], (iii) less susceptibility to eye movements and blink artifacts [9] as well as to electromyographic artifacts [10], and (iv) they require very little training since the SSVEP is an inherent response of the brain.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An independent SSVEP-based brain–computer interface in locked-in syndrome

et al. 2014

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Objective. Steady-state visually evoked potential (SSVEP)-based brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) allow healthy subjects to communicate. However, their dependence on gaze control prevents their use with severely disabled patients. Gaze-independent SSVEP-BCIs have been designed but have shown a drop in accuracy and have not been tested in brain-injured patients. In the present paper, we propose a novel independent SSVEP-BCI based on covert attention with an improved classification rate. We study the influence of feature extraction algorithms and the number of harmonics. Finally, we test online communication on healthy volunteers and patients with locked-in syndrome (LIS). Approach. Twenty-four healthy subjects and six LIS patients participated in this study. An independent covert two-class SSVEP paradigm was used with a newly developed portable light emitting diode-based 'interlaced squares' stimulation pattern. Main results. Mean offline and online accuracies on healthy subjects were respectively 85 ± 2% and 74 ± 13%, with eight out of twelve subjects succeeding to communicate efficiently with 80 ± 9% accuracy. Two out of six LIS patients reached an offline accuracy above the chance level, illustrating a response to a command. One out of four LIS patients could communicate online. Significance. We have demonstrated the feasibility of online communication with a covert SSVEP paradigm that is truly independent of all neuromuscular functions. The potential clinical use of the presented BCI system as a diagnostic (i.e., detecting command-following) and communication tool for severely brain-injured patients will need to be further explored.

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Steady-state visual evoked potentials reveal frontally-mediated working memory activity in humans

Cited by 81 publications

References 16 publications

Steady-state multifocal visual evoked potential (ssmfVEP) using dartboard stimulation as a possible tool for objective visual field assessment

Steady-state multifocal visual evoked potential (ssmfVEP) using dartboard stimulation as a possible tool for objective visual field assessment

Brain–computer interfacing in disorders of consciousness

An independent SSVEP-based brain–computer interface in locked-in syndrome

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