Steady-State Flow in Polycrystalline Halite at Pressure of 2 Kilobars

Heard, H.C.

doi:10.1029/gm016p0191

Cited by 71 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 313 publications

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“…2 that the relation between the strain rate and the differential stress in these experiments is controlled by the power law equation with the power order 5 which is relevant to dislocation creep when the salt deforms at 20-200°C (Heard 1972;Wawersik and Hannum 1980;Hansen and Carter 1984;DeVries 1988;Weidinger et al 1997;Hunsche and Hampel 1999;Hunsche et al 2003). We can see that salt rheology is strongly dependent on temperature, and higher temperature leads to higher strain rate.…”

Section: The Analysis Of the Database Of Laboratory Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Salt flow or halokinesis often occurs at temperatures ranging from 20 to 200°C. Salt deformation at those temperatures has been widely investigated in laboratories (Heard 1972(Heard , 1986Hansen 1979, Wawersik andHannum 1980;Wawersik andZeuch 1984, 1986;Hansen and Carter 1984;Wawersik 1985;Senseny 1988;DeVries 1988;Spiers et al 1990;Wawersik and Zimmerer 1994;Weidinger et al1997;Yang et al 1999;Hunsche and Hampel 1999;Peach and Spiers 2001;Hunsche et al 2003, Ter Heege et al 2005aSchoenherr et al 2007). The purpose of collecting the experimental data is to provide a basis for deformation modeling and to discuss the influence of different physical parameters on creep properties.…”

Section: Deformation Mechanisms Of Rock Saltmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rheology of rock salt for salt tectonics modeling

Urai

2016

Pet. Sci.

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Numerical modeling of salt tectonics is a rapidly evolving field; however, the constitutive equations to model long-term rock salt rheology in nature still remain controversial. Firstly, we built a database about the strain rate versus the differential stress through collecting the data from salt creep experiments at a range of temperatures (20-200°C) in laboratories. The aim is to collect data about salt deformation in nature, and the flow properties can be extracted from the data in laboratory experiments. Moreover, as an important preparation for salt tectonics modeling, a numerical model based on creep experiments of rock salt was developed in order to verify the specific model using the Abaqus package. Finally, under the condition of low differential stresses, the deformation mechanism would be extrapolated and discussed according to microstructure research. Since the studies of salt deformation in nature are the reliable extrapolation of laboratory data, we simplified the rock salt rheology to dislocation creep corresponding to power law creep (n = 5) with the appropriate material parameters in the salt tectonic modeling.

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Section: The Analysis Of the Database Of Laboratory Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Deformation Mechanisms Of Rock Saltmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheology of rock salt for salt tectonics modeling

Urai

2016

Pet. Sci.

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“…where, p i is the value of the reaction developed by the drilling fluid inside the drilling; r is the distance to the outline towards the inside of the salt mass; a is the D DAVID PUBLISHING radius of the bore-hole; σ x is the value of the horizontal component of the natural stress state and it is equal with the product γ a H = σ 2 during an isometric or hydrostatic (incompressible) stress state, namely σ z = σ x = σ y = γ a H. However, with the increase of stress and therefore of the difference between the components of the secondary stress state σ, the behavior of salt around the drilling becomes inelastic [3,4,6].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secondary Stress State around the Bored Hole in Salt Strata

Toderaş¹

2014

JGRE

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Abstract:In Romania, rendering the oil structures evident in the deep strata (≈ 6,000 m) is conditioned by the penetration of some salt deposits of appreciable thickness (500-3,000 m) situated above the structures with petroleum potential. Crossing by the drilling of these salt deposits constitutes a major risk factor both in achievement (drilling, cementing) and afterwards, to ensure the stability-reliability of the wells. Based on these reasons, the researches have been focused on: the study of salt behavior deformation, establishment of the required parameters to ensure the stability of the drillings until the bore-hole lining (especially the secondary stress state around the drilling, the density of the drilling fluid in correlation with the temperature and respectively the depth) and also after casing (type of the cement pastes, the nature, the quality and the dimensions of pipes), namely the reliability of the wells.

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“…The long-term deformation of rock salt is influenced by a number of factors such as temperature, stress, grain size, crystallographic fabric, fluid content, grain boundary structure and impurity content (Urai et al, 2008) and occurs by three main classes of microphysical mechanisms: (i) dilatant crystal plasticity and microcracking, (ii) dislocation creep and (iii) fluidassisted solution/precipitation (pressure solution and crack healing; Heard, 1972;Heard & Ryerson, 1986;Wawersik & Zeuch, 1986;Urai et al, 1987;Carter et al, 1993;Ter Heege et al, 2005;Schléder et al, 2007). Dilatant halite plasticity with inter-and intragranular microcracking, grain rotation and intergranular slip takes place under low effective confining pressure combined with high differential stress (>15-20 MPa) (Peach & Spiers, 1996;Jin & Cristescu, 1998).…”

Section: Salt Rheologymentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

Kettermann

Abe

Raith

et al. 2017

Netherlands Journal of Geosciences

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The presence of salt in dilatant normal faults may have a strong influence on fault mechanics in the Groningen field and on the related induced seismicity. At present, little is known of the structure of these fault zones. This study starts with the geological evolution of the Groningen area, where, during tectonic faulting, rock salt may have migrated downwards into dilatant faults. These fault zones therefore may contain inclusions of rock salt. Because of its rate-dependent mechanical properties, the presence of salt in a fault may introduce a loading-rate dependency into fault movement and affect the distribution of magnitudes of seismic events. We present a first-look study showing how these processes can be investigated using a combination of analogue and numerical modelling. Full scaling of the models and quantification of implications for induced seismicity in Groningen require further, more detailed studies: an understanding of fault zone structure in the Groningen field is required for improved predictions of induced seismicity. The analogue experiments are based on a simplified stratigraphy of the Groningen area, where it is generally thought that most of the Rotliegend faulting has taken place in the Jurassic, after deposition of the Zechstein. This suggests that, at the time of faulting, the sulphates were already transformed into brittle anhydrite. If these layers were sufficiently brittle to fault in a dilatant fashion, rock salt was able to flow downwards into the dilatant fractures. To test this hypothesis, we use sandbox experiments where we combine cohesive powder as analogue for brittle anhydrites and carbonates with viscous salt analogues to explore the developing fault geometry and the resulting distribution of salt in the faults. Using the observations from analogue models as input, numerical models investigate the stick-slip behaviour of fault zones containing ductile material qualitatively with the discrete element method (DEM). Results show that the DEM approach is suitable for modelling the seismicity of faults containing salt. The stick-slip motion of the fault becomes dependent on shear loading rate with a modification of the frequency-magnitude distribution of the generated seismic events.

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Steady-State Flow in Polycrystalline Halite at Pressure of 2 Kilobars

Cited by 71 publications

References 313 publications

Rheology of rock salt for salt tectonics modeling

Rheology of rock salt for salt tectonics modeling

Secondary Stress State around the Bored Hole in Salt Strata

The effect of salt in dilatant faults on rates and magnitudes of induced seismicity – first results building on the geological setting of the Groningen Rotliegend reservoirs

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