Steady State Fixed Bed Combustion of Wood Pellets. A Simple Theoretical Model

Abstract

The combustion of biomass follows a sequence of several distinct phases which begin with drying, the subsequent pyrolysis with the release of volatile components that burn in gaseous phase and finally the combustion of carbonaceous resiue, the time consuming step. For small solid fuel boilers, as it is the case of pellet boilers for domestic heating, biomass particles are continuously burned in fixed bed boilers or heaters. In these appliances the furnace is a metallic basket into which fuel particles are thrown and burn. The combustion air is introduced through orifices drilled in this metallic basket although some lateral air entrances are also found. The gaseous flow is a piston flow, the particles fall under gravity on the upper bed surface and as they burn they slowly move downwards until their size is small enough to fall down through the air entrance orifices or are dragged by the upcoming combustion gas flow. So the gaseous current has an up flow movement while the solid particles move downwards. It is assumed that the bed is at uniform temperature and all the average properties of the gaseous flow are constant with the exception of the oxygen concentration that diminishes as the gas flow rises through the bed. The mathematical development of a simple model that allows the calculation of the steady state burning time of a biomass particle in fixed bed, the amount of energy released, the fixed bed size and its particle inventory, is hereby presented. The pedagogical interest of this model is pertinent because it presents, in a synthetic way, the relative importance of the combustion kinetic, the mass transfer mechanism and the reactor fluid dynamics, upon the lifetime of a biochar particle during its combustion process.

The Experimental Analysis of Biochar Combustion in a Traveling Grate Furnace

“…The author assumed that carbon combustion occurred solely via pure diffusion; however, more recent studies do not support this theory. Based on this model, Pinho et al [31], in a preliminary theoretical-practical analysis that led to the present study, developed a mathematical model for char combustion in a fixed bed, where kinetic phenomena are considered. By applying this model to the combustion tests in a traveling fixed bed, and based on the kinetic information obtained from fluidized bed combustion experiments conducted by the same research team [32], it was possible to determine the bypass factor, which is the characteristic diffusive parameter of the process.…”

“…A mathematical treatment similar to the previous one [31], but in which C O 2,e is now replaced by (1 − χ)C O 2,e , will allow the burning time, Equation (1), for this situation to be obtained.…”

“…Since, in principle, when carbonized pellets are burned, their initial diameters are above 1 mm, and the temperature is high, the burning will be of CO 2 right at the surface of the particle, i = 1 [31,33]. The tests do not need to guarantee complete burning; reaching 70 or 75% of the burned mass fraction is enough.…”