Status of vitamin D and the associated host factors in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their household contacts: A cross sectional study

Lower levels of vitamin D are associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and mortality in the Indian population: An observational study

“… State/ union territories Case/million Death/million Total no. of healthy subjects Mean 25(OH)D levels (ng/ml) References Andhra Pradesh 5530 50 1936 18 [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] Assam 2390 6 768 26 [37] , [38] , [39] Bihar 940 4 50 30 [40] Chandigarh 1830 27 878 34 [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] Delhi 8970 249 2919 15 [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] Goa 7520 64 …”

Impact of vitamin D status and cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide on adults with active pulmonary TB globally: A systematic review and meta-analysis

“…According to the 2018 World Health Organization (WHO) report, an estimated 10 million people globally developed the disease that year and accounted for about 1.3 million deaths that occurred in the same year [ 3 , 4 ]. Innate immunity and other host genetic factors are involved in the progression of TB infection to TB disease, and vitamin D is one known risk factor [ 5 ]. Worldwide research suggests that vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is found at all ages and has been linked to infectious and non-infectious diseases [ 5 – 8 ].…”

“…Innate immunity and other host genetic factors are involved in the progression of TB infection to TB disease, and vitamin D is one known risk factor [ 5 ]. Worldwide research suggests that vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is found at all ages and has been linked to infectious and non-infectious diseases [ 5 – 8 ]. Moreover, vitamin D3 may be obtained from sunshine exposure and vitamin D2 form is acquired from the diet and eventually synthesized and converted to immunomodulatory 1, 25 Dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1, 25(OH) D3) [ 6 , 9 – 11 ].…”

“…Nonetheless, the widely accepted indicator for vitamin D status is 25(OH) D [ 12 – 14 ].The involvement of vitamin D in protection against TB is demonstrated by the modulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses [ 15 – 17 ]. Sufficient vitamin D levels enhance the expression of LL-37antimicrobial peptide in the macrophages leading to the destruction of Mtb and consequently autophagy [ 4 , 18 , 19 ].VDD is a known risk factor for alterations in the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and LL-37, and demonstration of its role in TB pathogenesis has been achieved by in-vitro studies [ 4 , 5 ]. Additionally, studies have reported low vitamin D levels among TB patients compared to their healthy contacts [ 20 – 26 ].…”

“…Additionally, studies have reported low vitamin D levels among TB patients compared to their healthy contacts [ 20 – 26 ]. One such in-vitro study was performed by Rook et al in which a decline in the growth of Mtb was noted in the macrophages incubated with 1, 25(OH)2D3 [ 5 ]. This decline in mycobacterial load was further confirmed by another study that demonstrated macrophages releasing LL-37 in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D [ 27 , 28 ].…”