Status of steady-state magnetic diagnostic for ITER and outlook for possible materials of Hall sensors for DEMO

Ďuran, I.; Entler, Slavomír; Grover, O.; Bolshakova, І.; Výborný, Karel; Kočan, M.; Jirman, Tomáš; Vayakis, G.; Vasyliev, Oleksandr; Radishevskyi, M. I.; Wang, Zhenxing

doi:10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.03.201

Cited by 16 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In the case of outer-vessel sensors, it will be close to the vacuum vessel temperature, which will be approximately 200 • C [23]. In the case of inner-vessel sensors, the sensor temperature will be in the range of 300 to 520 • C [23,24]; the higher operating temperature compared to ITER exceeds the range of applicability of the bismuth sensors as bismuth melts at 271.4 • C. Therefore, several metal sensitive layers that can operate at these temperatures have been researched [22,23]. Gold-based Hall sensors for fusion reactor application were developed at the Magnetic sensor laboratory of Lviv Polytechnic National University in Ukraine (MSL) [25,26], and antimony-based Hall sensors operating up to a temperature of 550 • C were developed at IPP [27].…”

Section: Sensitive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A significant achievement of the research program is the developed steady-state magnetic field diagnostics based on the temperature and radiation resistant Hall sensors with the sensitive layer made of bismuth, which has been approved for ITER already [ 15 ]. Bismuth provides a suitable temperature operation range, high radiation resistance of the sensors as well as a relatively high output signal [ 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. At the time of writing this article, the sensors for ITER are being calibrated, and the process of installation into the reactor will begin in 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, several metal sensitive layers that can operate at these temperatures have been researched [ 22 , 23 ]. Gold-based Hall sensors for fusion reactor application were developed at the Magnetic sensor laboratory of Lviv Polytechnic National University in Ukraine (MSL) [ 25 , 26 ], and antimony-based Hall sensors operating up to a temperature of 550 °C were developed at IPP [ 27 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Entler

Šobáň

Ďuran

et al. 2021

Sensors

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Ceramic-chromium Hall sensors represent a temperature and radiation resistant alternative to Hall sensors based on semiconductors. Demand for these sensors is presently motivated by the ITER and DEMO nuclear fusion projects. The developed ceramic-chromium Hall sensors were tested up to a temperature of 550 °C and a magnetic field of 14 T. The magnitude of the sensitivity of the tested sensor was 6.2 mV/A/T at 20 °C and 4.6 mV/A/T at 500 °C. The sensitivity was observed to be weakly dependent on a temperature above 240 °C with an average temperature coefficient of 0.014%/°C and independent of the magnetic field with a relative average deviation below the measurement accuracy of 0.086%. A simulation of a neutron-induced transmutation was performed to assess changes in the composition of the chromium. After 5.2 operational years of the DEMO fusion reactor, the transmuted fraction of the chromium sensitive layer was found to be 0.27% at the most exposed sensor location behind the divertor cassette with a neutron fluence of 6.08 × 1025 n/m2. The ceramic-chromium Hall sensors show the potential to be suitable magnetic sensors for environments with high temperatures and strong neutron radiation.

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Section: Sensitive Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Entler

Šobáň

Ďuran

et al. 2021

Sensors

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“…Fispact is now used by many scientific groups across Europe and is a crucial tool in the ITER project to calculate neutron activation products [38,39].…”

Section: Modelling Toolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activities in Divertor Reflector and Linear Plates Using WCLL and HCPB Breeding Blanket Concepts

Breidokaité

Stankūnas

2021

Energies

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In fusion devices, such as European Demonstration Fusion Power Reactor (EU DEMO), primary neutrons can cause material activation due to the interaction between the source particles and the targeting material. Subsequently, the reactor’s inner components become activated. For safety and safe performance purposes, it is necessary to evaluate neutron-induced activities. Activities results from divertor reflector and liner plates are presented in this work. The purpose of liner shielding plates is to protect the vacuum vessel and magnet coils from neutrons. As for reflector plates, the function is to shield the cooling components under plasma-facing components from alpha particles, thermal effects, and impurities. Plates are made of Eurofer with a 3 mm layer of tungsten, while the water is used for cooling purposes. The calculations were performed using two EU DEMO MCNP (Monte Carlo N-Particles) models with different breeding blanket configurations: helium-cooled pebble bed (HCPB) and water-cooled lithium lead (WCLL). The TENDL–2017 nuclear data library has been used for activation reactions cross-sections and nuclear reactions. Activation calculations were performed using the FISPACT-II code at the end of irradiation for cooling times of 0 s–1000 years. Radionuclide analysis of divertor liner and reflector plates is also presented in this paper. The main radionuclides, with at least 1% contribution to the total value of activation characteristics, were identified for the previously mentioned cooling times.

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“…However, maintaining a good sensing performance with sufficient stability in such difficult conditions has remained a challenge for over a decade. Current research on materials capable of stably detecting magnetic fields under extreme conditions in tokamaks focuses mainly on thin films made of chromium [ 5 ], bismuth [ 8 , 9 , 10 ], gold, and antimony [ 11 , 12 ], but III-V compound semiconductors have also been investigated [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Furthermore, recent reports have also considered the viability of two-dimensional (2D) materials in the form of quasi-free-standing (QFS) epitaxial Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) graphene on semi-insulating silicon carbide (GR/SiC) [ 16 ] or CVD graphene transferred onto a sapphire substrate [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions

El-Ahmar

Przychodnia

Jankowski

et al. 2022

Sensors

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The ability to precisely measure magnetic fields under extreme operating conditions is becoming increasingly important as a result of the advent of modern diagnostics for future magnetic-confinement fusion devices. These conditions are recognized as strong neutron radiation and high temperatures (up to 350 °C). We report on the first experimental comparison of the impact of neutron radiation on graphene and indium antimonide thin films. For this purpose, a 2D-material-based structure was fabricated in the form of hydrogen-intercalated quasi-free-standing graphene on semi-insulating high-purity on-axis 4H-SiC(0001), passivated with an Al2O3 layer. InSb-based thin films, donor doped to varying degrees, were deposited on a monocrystalline gallium arsenide or a polycrystalline ceramic substrate. The thin films were covered with a SiO2 insulating layer. All samples were exposed to a fast-neutron fluence of ≈7×1017 cm−2. The results have shown that the graphene sheet is only moderately affected by neutron radiation compared to the InSb-based structures. The low structural damage allowed the graphene/SiC system to retain its electrical properties and excellent sensitivity to magnetic fields. However, InSb-based structures proved to have significantly more post-irradiation self-healing capabilities when subject to proper temperature treatment. This property has been tested depending on the doping level and type of the substrate.

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Status of steady-state magnetic diagnostic for ITER and outlook for possible materials of Hall sensors for DEMO

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation

Activities in Divertor Reflector and Linear Plates Using WCLL and HCPB Breeding Blanket Concepts

The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions

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