Status of insecticide resistance in high-risk malaria provinces in Afghanistan

Ahmad, Mushtaq; Buhler, Cyril; Pignatelli, Patricia; Ranson, Hilary; Nahzat, Sami; Naseem, Mohammad; Sabawoon, Muhammad Farooq; Siddiqi, Abdul Majeed; Vink, Martijn

doi:10.1186/s12936-016-1149-1

Cited by 21 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Moreover it seems that repeated use of pyrethroid insecticides as agricultural pesticides has resulted in a selection pressure on mosquito populations in the study area leading to the development of insecticide resistance. Similar trends have been reported from Middle East different regions, Indian subcontinent, and many African malaria endemic countries [23, 24, 27]. The use of pyrethroids as pesticides in agriculture and bed-net treatment has been recognized as factors responsible for the natural selection of resistant mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa [26, 28].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Moreover, the results of a recent study in Chabahar county in Sistan va Baluchestan Province showed that this species is resistant to lambda-cyhalothrin and tolerant to deltamethrin with mortality rates of 89 and 96 %, respectively [22]. Similar findings have been reported from malaria endemic areas in Afghanistan [23]. Synthetic pyrethroids including deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin are being widely used in various public health programmes to control mosquitoes in many countries.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

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Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to DDT and current insecticides in an elimination area in Iran

et al. 2016

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BackgroundIran has recently initiated a malaria elimination program with emphasis on vector control strategies which are heavily reliant on indoor residual spraying and long-lasting insecticidal nets. Insecticide resistance seriously threatens the efficacy of vector control strategies. This study was conducted to determine the insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to DDT and current insecticides in Jask county as an active malaria focus in southeastern Iran.MethodsIn this study, the anopheline larvae were collected from different aquatic habitats in Jask county and transported to insectarium, fed with sugar and then 3-day-old adults were used for susceptibility tests. WHO insecticide susceptibility tests were performed with DDT (4 %), malathion (5 %), lambda-cyhalothrin (0.05 %), deltamethrin (0.05 %) and permethrin (0.75 %).ResultsThe field strain of An. stephensi was found resistant to DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin. The LT50 values for DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin in this species were 130.25, and 37.71 min, respectively. Moreover, An. stephensi was completely susceptible to malathion and permethrin and tolerant to deltamethrin.ConclusionThe present study results confirm the resistance of the major malaria vector, An. stephensi, to DDT and lambda-cyhalothrin, and tolerance to deltamethrin, which could gradually increase and spread into other malaria endemic areas. Thus, there is a need for regular monitoring of insecticide resistance in order to select suitable insecticides for vector control interventions towards malaria elimination.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to DDT and current insecticides in an elimination area in Iran

et al. 2016

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“…A study conducted on An. stephensi collected in Afghanistan revealed a low frequency of L1014 wild-type mutation (44%) in mosquitoes and a lack of homozygotes of the mosquitoes that were resistant to deltamethrin (Ahmad et al, 2016). The phenotypic presentation of resistance in the majority of An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

Yared

Gebressielasie

Damodaran³

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: 1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi and 2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods: Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebridehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested with malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, Pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. Results: All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the voltage gate sodium channel gene (vgsc) revealed the absence of kdr L1014 mutations. Conclusion: Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.

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“…Almost all malaria-endemic countries outside sub-Saharan Africa embraced the GMEP using the main intervention of indoor residual spraying (IRS) [6,7]. Resistance to several insecticides of all major classes has been reported in Anopheles stephensi in other countries of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), including Saudi Arabia [21,22], Iraq [23,24], Afghanistan [25][26][27][28], and Pakistan [29,30]. Resistance to DDT, dieldrin, malathion, and recently pyrethroid insecticides, was reported from different states of India [31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

Enayati

Hanafi‐Bojd

Sedaghat

et al. 2020

Malar J

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Background: While Iran is on the path to eliminating malaria, the disease with 4.9 million estimated cases and 9300 estimated deaths in 2018 remains a serious health problem in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Anopheles stephensi is the main malaria vector in Iran and its range extends from Iraq to western China. Recently, the vector invaded new territories in Sri Lanka and countries in the Horn of Africa. Insecticide resistance in An. stephensi is a potential issue in controlling the spread of this vector. Methods: Data were collated from national and international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, and IranMedex using appropriate search terms. Results: Indoor residual spaying (IRS) with DDT was piloted in Iran in 1945 and subsequently used in the malaria eradication programme. Resistance to DDT in An. stephensi was detected in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in the late 1960s. Malathion was used for malaria control in Iran in 1967, then propoxur in 1978, followed by pirimiphosmethyl from 1992 to 1994. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was used from 1994 to 2003 followed by deltamethrin IRS and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Some of these insecticides with the same sequence were used in other malaria-endemic countries of the region. Pyrethroid resistance was detected in An. stephensi in Afghanistan in 2010, in 2011 in India and in 2012 in Iran. The newly invaded population of An. stephensi in Ethiopia was resistant to insecticides of all four major insecticide classes. Different mechanisms of insecticide resistance, including metabolic and insecticide target site insensitivity, have been developed in An. stephensi. Resistance to DDT was initially glutathione S-transferase based. Target site knockdown resistance was later selected by pyrethroids. Esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase are the underlying cause of organophosphate resistance and cytochrome p450s were involved in pyrethroid metabolic resistance. Conclusions: Anopheles stephensi is a major malaria vector in Iran and many countries in the region and beyond. The species is leading in terms of development of insecticide resistance as well as developing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Knowledge of the evolution of insecticide resistance and their underlying mechanisms, in particular, are important to Iran, considering the final steps the country is taking towards malaria elimination, but also to other countries in the region for their battle against malaria. This systematic review may also be of value to countries and territories newly invaded by this species, especially in the Horn of Africa, where the malaria situation is already dire.

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Status of insecticide resistance in high-risk malaria provinces in Afghanistan

Cited by 21 publications

References 18 publications

Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to DDT and current insecticides in an elimination area in Iran

Insecticide susceptibility of Anopheles stephensi to DDT and current insecticides in an elimination area in Iran

Insecticide Resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, Eastern Ethiopia

Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

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