Status of Helicobacter pylori Coinfection With Epstein–Barr Virus in Gastric Cancer

CD4+ Cytotoxic T Cells Involved in the Development of EBV-Associated Diseases

“…It should be mentioned that this model not only explains the development of the diseases described here, but also others, such as EBV-associated gastric carcinoma, where the formation of ectopic lymphoid structures in the gastric mucosa in response to infection by Helicobacter pylori or another inflammatory process causes the infiltration of B cells with EBV latency in the lymphoid aggregates, and the subsequent infection of epithelial cells when expressing MHC-II, due to an increase in IFN-γ [ 282 , 283 , 284 , 285 , 286 ]. Finally, the immune evasion microenvironment generated by these EBV-transformed cells and the clonal growth of EBV-latent epithelial cells would lead to the development of the disease [ 282 , 285 , 286 ]. This model could even explain the involvement of EBV in the development of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis [ 214 , 278 ] and long COVID-19 [ 287 ].…”

Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr Virus Co-Infection in Polish Patients with Gastric Cancer – A Pilot Study

“…More and more attention is paid to research on the coexistence of H. pylori and EBV in gastric diseases and cancer ( Morales-Sanchez and Fuentes-Panana 2017 ; Polakovicova et al 2018 ; Dávila-Collado et al 2020 ; Rihane et al 2020 ). Although less is known on EBV participation in chronic gastric inflammation, many studies recognize both pathogens as etiological agents of chronic gastritis, and in the case of co-infections, the inflammatory process is significantly increased ( Cárdenas-Mondragón et al 2015 ; Morales-Sanchez and Fuentes-Panana 2017 ).…”

“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first project about the coexistence of H. pylori and EBV in the development of gastric cancer in the Polish population. Both pathogens are involved in the development of inflammation, which may be a consequence of changes in the gastric mucosa that may lead to the development of the neoplastic process ( Dávila-Collado et al 2020 ; Rihane et al 2020 ). The incidence of gastric cancer varies widely geographically.…”