Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review

Wild, Katherine; Howieson, Diane B.; Webbe, Frank M.; Seelye, Adriana; Kaye, Jeffrey

doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2008.07.003

Cited by 372 publications

(368 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(48 reference statements)

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“…Therefore, it is necessary to create tests, whose results are not correlated with the IQ of the patients. The use of computerized tests helps to create intelligence adaptable cognitive tests [9,3]. Moreover, based on the available technology, it is possible to design new types and more effective tests using for example virtual environments (VEs).…”

Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on Turing Test and Virtual Environments

Montenegro

Argyriou

2017

Physiology & Behavior

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Alzheimer's screening tests are commonly used by doctors to diagnose the patient's condition and stage as early as possible. Most of these tests are based on pen-paper interaction and do not embrace the advantages provided by new technologies. This paper proposes novel Alzheimer's screening tests based on virtual environments and game principles using new immersive technologies combined with advanced Human Computer Interaction (HCI) systems. These new tests are focused on the immersion of the patient in a virtual room, in order to mislead and deceive the patient's mind. In addition, we propose two novel variations of Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing as a method to detect dementia. As a result, four tests are introduced demonstrating the wide range of screening mechanisms that could be designed using virtual environments and game concepts. The proposed tests are focused on the evaluation of memory loss related to common objects, recent conversations and events; the diagnosis of problems in expressing and understanding language; the ability to recognise abnormalities; and to differentiate between virtual worlds and reality, or humans and machines.The proposed screening tests were evaluated and tested using both patients and healthy adults in a comparative study with state-of-the-art Alzheimer's screening tests. The results show the capacity of the new tests to distinguish healthy people from Alzheimer's patients.

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Section: Accepted M Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on Turing Test and Virtual Environments

Montenegro

Argyriou

2017

Physiology & Behavior

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“…None of the previously conducted relevant reviews 56,57,103 in this area carried out a diagnostic accuracy review. They were narrative reviews 56,57,103 that provided a summary of the battery of tests used and then rated this evidence on validity and reliability, comprehensiveness, and usability.…”

Section: Comparisons With Previous Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated tests for diagnosing and monitoring cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy review

Aslam

Bates

Dündar

et al. 2016

Health Technol Assess

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BackgroundCognitive impairment is a growing public health concern, and is one of the most distinctive characteristics of all dementias. The timely recognition of dementia syndromes can be beneficial, as some causes of dementia are treatable and are fully or partially reversible. Several automated cognitive assessment tools for assessing mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and early dementia are now available. Proponents of these tests cite as benefits the tests’ repeatability and robustness and the saving of clinicians’ time. However, the use of these tools to diagnose and/or monitor progressive cognitive impairment or response to treatment has not yet been evaluated.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to determine whether or not automated computerised tests could accurately identify patients with progressive cognitive impairment in MCI and dementia and, if so, to investigate their role in monitoring disease progression and/or response to treatment.Data sourcesFive electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, ISI Web of Science and PsycINFO), plus ProQuest, were searched from 2005 to August 2015. The bibliographies of retrieved citations were also examined. Trial and research registers were searched for ongoing studies and reviews. A second search was run to identify individual test costs and acquisition costs for the various tools identified in the review.Review methodsTwo reviewers independently screened all titles and abstracts to identify potentially relevant studies for inclusion in the review. Full-text copies were assessed independently by two reviewers. Data were extracted and assessed for risk of bias by one reviewer and independently checked for accuracy by a second. The results of the data extraction and quality assessment for each study are presented in structured tables and as a narrative summary.ResultsThe electronic searching of databases, including ProQuest, resulted in 13,542 unique citations. The titles and abstracts of these were screened and 399 articles were shortlisted for full-text assessment. Sixteen studies were included in the diagnostic accuracy review. No studies were eligible for inclusion in the review of tools for monitoring progressive disease. Eleven automated computerised tests were assessed in the 16 included studies. The overall quality of the studies was good; however, the wide range of tests assessed and the non-standardised reporting of diagnostic accuracy outcomes meant that meaningful synthesis or statistical analysis was not possible.LimitationsThe main limitation of this review is the substantial heterogeneity of the tests assessed in the included studies. As a result, no meta-analyses could be undertaken.ConclusionThe quantity of information available is insufficient to be able to make recommendations on the clinical use of the computerised tests for diagnosing and monitoring MCI and early dementia progression. The value of these tests also depends on the costs of acquisition, training, administration and scoring.Future workResearch is required to establish stable cut-off points for automated computerised tests that are used to diagnose patients with MCI or early dementia. Additionally, the costs associated with acquiring and using these tests in clinical practice should be estimated.Study registrationThe study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42015025410.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment programme.

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“…Furthermore, central management of online test platforms allows for continuous software updates and opens ways for gathering normative data during testing. In sum, online testing may greatly facilitate large-scale cognitive data collection, which is needed in many fields of research [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Online Self-Administered Cognitive Testing Using the Amsterdam Cognition Scan: Establishing Psychometric Properties and Normative Data (Preprint)

Feenstra¹,

Vermeulen²,

Murre³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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BackgroundOnline tests enable efficient self-administered assessments and consequently facilitate large-scale data collection for many fields of research. The Amsterdam Cognition Scan (ACS) is a new online neuropsychological test battery which measures a broad variety of cognitive functions. ObjectiveThe aims of the present study were to evaluate the psychometric properties of the ACS and to establish regression-based normative data. MethodsThe ACS was self-administrated twice from home -with an interval of 6 weeks -by 248 healthy Dutch speaking adults aged 18 to 81 years. ResultsTest-retest reliability was moderate to high and comparable to that of equivalent traditional tests (intraclass correlation coefficients: .45 to .80, and .83 for the ACS total score). Multiple regression analyses indicated that 1) participants' age negatively influenced all (12) cognitive measures; 2) gender was associated with performance on 6 measures; and 3) education level was positively associated with performance on 4 measures. In addition, we observed an age-and gender-specific influence of computer skills on cognitive performance. Demographic characteristics that proved to influence ACS test performance were included in regression-based predictive formulas to establish demographically adjusted normative data. ConclusionsThe ACS is a promising new online tool to efficiently assess cognitive functioning for research purposes.Results from a healthy adult sample indicate that the ACS has high usability and can give reliable measures of various generic cognitive ability areas. For repeated measurements, computer configuration should be consistent. Combined with these psychometric properties, our normative data allow for initial interpretation of ACS performances.

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Status of computerized cognitive testing in aging: A systematic review

Cited by 372 publications

References 52 publications

Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on Turing Test and Virtual Environments

Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on Turing Test and Virtual Environments

Automated tests for diagnosing and monitoring cognitive impairment: a diagnostic accuracy review

Online Self-Administered Cognitive Testing Using the Amsterdam Cognition Scan: Establishing Psychometric Properties and Normative Data (Preprint)

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