“…In Vietnam, several studies have also explored issues related to STEM education in general and teachers' STEM-integrated teaching competency in particular. These studies mainly discuss the teaching competency framework in general and integrated STEM teaching in particular (Thuy et al, 2020;Trang et al, 2020;An et al, 2021), difficulties, obstacles, perceptions of teachers in implementing STEM education (Phan et al, 2023;Duy et al, 2023), developing STEM teaching competence for teachers (Thuy et al, 2020;Em, 2021;Nguyen & Bui, 2023), and awareness and confidence of Vietnamese primary school teachers towards STEM integrated teaching approach Phan et al, 2023). There have also been studies on the teaching skills of primary school teachers, but these studies were implemented in large cities with developed socioeconomic conditions Le & Bui, (2021).).…”