Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union—What is needed to reach the 2020 targets?

Kleßmann, Corinna; Held, Anne; Rathmann, Max; Ragwitz, Mario

doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2011.08.038

Cited by 191 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…The European energy markets currently do not trigger sufficient investment levels, even with the financial supports available from policy schemes in all member states. Due to a combination of cost of renewable technologies and achievable market returns, it is not expected that the European renewable targets for 2020 will be achieved without strengthened political support (Ragwitz et al, 2011a, p.13;Klessmann et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?

2012

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Nations today are urgently challenged with achieving a significant increase in the deployment of renewable energies. In Europe that need has given rise to a debate about the most effective and efficient support strategy. Whilst the different interests debate whether full European harmonisation or strengthening of national support policies for electricity from renewable energy sources (RES-E) is the best way forward, individual national support schemes are rapidly evolving. This study investigates how the EU member states have applied support policy types over the last decade. By identifying predominant developments in the application of feed-in tariffs, premiums, tradeable green certificates, tax incentives, investment grants, and financing support for specific technologies (wind, biomass, PV), this study shows that Europe is currently experiencing certain tendencies towards a 'bottom-up' convergence of how national policy-makers design RES-E policy supports. While some outliers remain, the policy supports of most countries become more similar in the policy types applied (dominance of feed-in tariffs) and in their scope of implementation (differentiation for installation sizes and 'stacking' of multiple instruments). These trends in national decision-making, which show tendencies of convergence, could make an EU-driven 'top-down' harmonisation of support either dispensable or at least (depending on the agreement) less controversial.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?

2012

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“…Initially, the Special Report on Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation produced by the IPCC pointed out four categories when identifying the effects of obstacles in RE development: market failures and economic barriers, information and awareness barriers, socio-cultural barriers, and institutional and policy barriers [32]. Research such as that of Valentine and Klessmann et al [52,53] also mentioned that aside from the economic factors, others aspects such as social, political ones and techniques would also influence wind energy development. Therefore, when discussing obstacles to the development of wind energy it is necessary to include the possible impacts that come from the environment, economies, society, techniques, and policies.…”

Section: Research On Choices Of Variables (Barriers)mentioning

confidence: 99%

To Re-Explore the Causality between Barriers to Renewable Energy Development: A Case Study of Wind Energy

Huang

Lin

2013

Energies

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Abstract:The development of wind energy in developing countries has its limitations. This study adapted quantitative approaches to explore the causality relationships among these barriers. It was found that different areas of obstacles did affect one another; by barrier inference we learned that a lack of national policy caused other disorders, and that the occurrence of these disorders eventually resulted either directly or indirectly in high investment costs. Thus, the question of how to effectively reduce the investment cost of wind energy development is the most important issue to developing countries. Furthermore, the results of this study clarified that wind intermittency would not be the main reason hindering short and mid-term wind power development. However, from a long-term perspective, the impact of intermittency still cannot be treated lightly, as it was found that for each standard deviation unit improvement of the intermittency, the investment cost-effectiveness improvement increased by 0.185 σ, which was 1.78 times higher than the impact from national policies. Therefore, aside from strengthening the national policies in establishing a suitable institutional framework, we recommend that policy-makers should also emphasize the establishment of an economic assessment of available sites, a detailed wind resource assessment and improved forecasting of technical applications.

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“…Kleβmann et al 2011;Haas et al 2011;Toke 2007;Palmer and Burtraw 2005) or for comparing the specific costs of renewable energy technologies (Blarke and Lund 2008;Del Rio and Cerda 2014). Sometimes, cost-effectiveness is also referred to as cost-efficiency (see e.g.…”

Section: Cost-effectivenessmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of applying different metrics in target definitions: lessons for policy design

Harmsen

2016

Energy Efficiency

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The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of the use of different metrics in the EU renewable energy target definition. The analysis, using a case study of the Dutch renewable energy support for illustration, reveals that a target based on primary energy would have led to a ranking in which renewable electricity options would predominantly have been considered cheaper for realizing the target. As a primary energy-based target is more closely linked to overarching objectives of the EU Renewable Energy Directive, such as climate change and energy security, this implies that the least cost realization of the current final energybased target does not necessarily lead to the least cost mix for reducing CO 2 emissions or avoiding fossil primary energy. The Dutch case study also shows that the budget allocation in favour of renewable heat and gas options was not only a direct consequence of the final energy-based target but also because of the limited annual budget available for support in the analysed period. With the increase of the support budget since 2013, the budget allocation between the renewable energy categories has become more balanced. Lessons for policy design are provided by highlighting the importance of side-effects which are often insufficiently recognized in the design stage of targets. In the case of the EU renewable energy target, the choice for a final energy-based target did, on the one hand, not consider the consequences for least cost target achievement (negative side-effect), but on the other provided an incentive to pay more attention to renewable heat (positive sideeffect).

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Status and perspectives of renewable energy policy and deployment in the European Union—What is needed to reach the 2020 targets?

Cited by 191 publications

References 10 publications

Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?

Renewable energy policies in Europe: Converging or diverging?

To Re-Explore the Causality between Barriers to Renewable Energy Development: A Case Study of Wind Energy

The impact of applying different metrics in target definitions: lessons for policy design

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