Status and development of GLONASS

The influence of adding GLONASS signals on quality of RTK measurements.

“…The fi rst GLONASS satellite was put into orbit in 1982 and the system became for the fi rst time fully operational in 1995 [17]. However, due to the fi nancial problems of the Russian Federation and relatively short lifetime of the fi rst block of satellites this state was maintained for a very short period of time [18]. GLONASS became fully operational again in 2011, therefore it was only in recent years where there has been a signifi cant development of the system user segment.…”

Satellite-Based Navigation Systems

“…At that time, the constellation encompassed 24 satellites and transmitted on the L1 band using frequency division multiple access (FDMA) (different frequency bands for different satellites). In the following years, the lack of funding, due to collapse of the Russian economy, deeply harmed system efficiency, and in 1999 GLONASS became officially a dual-use system, 5 by a Presidential decree [18] and, at the beginning of the new century, the GLONASS reconstruction was boosted by the Russian extra-gain due to the oil and gas export. Now the GLONASS system is undergoing modernization, with the civil side managed by the Russian Space Agency.…”

Ranging Consistency Based on Ranging-Compensated Temperature-Sensing Sensor for Inter-Satellite Link of Navigation Constellation

“…He stated that the introduction of ISLs can significantly improve the ephemeris prediction accuracy, realize autonomous integrity monitoring of satellites, increase autonomous orbit determination, and improve navigation system flexibility and expansibility [ 2 ]. Russia’s new generation of navigation satellite GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) -M also planned to improve autonomous navigation using ISLs [ 3 , 4 ]. The European Space Agency has initiated several exploratory projects on the ISLs adopted in the Galileo system since 2007 [ 5 ].…”