We count the finitely generated subgroups of the modular group PSL 2 (Z). More precisely: each such subgroup H can be represented by its Stallings graph Γ(H), we consider the number of vertices of Γ(H) to be the size of H and we count the subgroups of size n. Since an index n subgroup has size n, our results generalize the known results on the enumeration of the finite index subgroups of PSL 2 (Z). We give asymptotic equivalents for the number of finitely generated subgroups of PSL 2 (Z), as well as of the number of finite index subgroups, free subgroups and free finite index subgroups. We also give the expected value of the isomorphism type of a size n subgroup and prove a large deviation statement concerning this value. Similar results are proved for finite index and for free subgroups. Finally, we show how to efficiently generate uniformly at random a size n subgroup (resp. finite index subgroup, free subgroup) of PSL 2 (Z).
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