Statistically Designed Extraction of Herbs Using Ultrasound Waves: A Review

Abstract

Background: Extraction is the foremost step to isolate the natural constituents from a medicinal plant and leads the process of development of herbal formulation from bench to bed. Introduction: In the field of extraction, the optimization approach helps in achieving better yield and quality where a response of concern is determined or influenced by various variables. This review aimed at congregating the application of different statistical designs (CCD/BBD) to optimize the Ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) parameters for the recovery of various plant actives belonging to different categories. Methodology: The literature published during last decade in the various reputed databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus) was reviewed and compiled to reveal the role of response surface methodology in optimizing the influential parameters involved in the ultrasound assisted extraction of herbs. Conclusion: From the present investigations, it can be concluded that the different variables such as sonication power, temperature, time, solute to solvent ratio are generally optimized in UAE of herbs. Moreover, it has also been evidenced from the review of published data that the flavonoids/phenolic acids (>50%) leads the race for the extraction of plants using sound waves. It can be said that the statistically designed UAE has vast prospective in bringing about a green mutiny in herbal drug industry and the modeling of various parameters shall be able to absolutely build up a complete drug innovation course (bench to bed).

Optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from Thymus comosus Heuff. ex Griseb. et Schenk (wild thyme) and their bioactive potential

“…All of these factors enhance the disruption of cell walls, enhancing the contact of extractible compounds with the solvent and their partition in the extraction environment [14] . It was also shown that the UAE could be more effective when the influence of each extraction parameter is well defined and correlated with the properties of the extracted matrix, these features being overall reflected by the final quality of the obtained extracts in terms of their bioactive potential [12] , [15] , [16] .…”

Application of Green Technologies in Design-Based Extraction of Celastrus paniculatus (Jyotishmati) Seeds, SEM, GC-MS Analysis, and Evaluation for Memory Enhancing Potential

“…The various parameters such as solvent/solid ratio, sonication time, ultrasonic power, amplitude, and temperature affect the extraction efficiency in UAE and need to be optimized for improved yield ( 57 , 58 ). Based on the literature study and results of our previously published paper, we can say that the UAE is successful at lower temperature (40–70°C) and low sonication frequency (20–30 KHz) ( 3 , 59 ). Therefore, for this study, the experiments were carried out at 24 KHz and at 70°C.…”

“…These days, UAE is effectively employed for the extraction of herbs owing to its improved and better results with a green approach. The acoustic cavitation effect produced by the ultrasound waves in the drug particles is mainly responsible for the upgraded diffusion of menstruum and results in improved EY ( 3 ). UAE is considered to be the green technique that can provide high reproducibility in small time and low energy inputs ( 52 – 56 ).…”

“…The shear force of sound waves could be responsible for such destruction in the morphology of herb particles. Moreover, the cavitation effect produced by the high-speed jet of the solvent can also cause the fragmentation of plant sample ( 3 ). Also, in past, researchers had also proved the erosive effect of sound waves (above 20 KHz) on the morphology of basil leaves ( 65 ).…”

“…These novel methods of extraction not only proved to be energy efficient but also ensure the improved yield of extracts and phytoconstituents. Several researchers identified the significance of traditional herbs as an inexpensive basis to healthcare system for the prevention of many health ailments ( 2 , 3 ). A diverse nature of secondary metabolites has evolved from the plants.…”