Statistical Physics of Bose-Einstein-Condensed Light in a Dye Microcavity

Klaers, Jan; Schmitt, Julian; Damm, Tobias; Vewinger, Frank; Weitz, Martin

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.108.160403

Cited by 100 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…3(a) show the rate [24,26]. Correspondingly, we observe the persistence of statistical number fluctuations up to larger condensate populationsn, see Fig.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 82%

“…To reach this limit, we here besides the condensate size additionally increase the reservoir size such that the fluctuation level remains fixed, i.e. g (2) (0) = const., which from theory is expected for a fixed ratiō n 2 /M eff [24,32]. Figure 4(a) shows the variation of the phase jump rate on the measured zero-delay correlation function g (2) (0) for three different reservoirs.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the course of thermalization photons are frequently con- verted into dye electronic excitations and vice versa, and the dye acts both as a particle reservoir and a heat bath for the photon gas ( Fig. 1(a), left) [24,26]. This situation allows the photon number in the cavity ground mode to fluctuate around the average valuen ( Fig.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1(a), subject to statistical amplitude fluctuations due to the interconversion between condensate particles and dye electronic excitations. In general, the photon statistics interpolates between Poissonian statistics for small reservoir sizes and a Bose-Einstein distribution for an infinitely large reservoir [24,26]. While for Poissonian statistics damped intensity fluctuations and macroscopic phase coherence of the condensate are expected [28][29][30][31], for the latter distribution the fluctuations become as large as the average photon numbern, i.e.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For large reservoir sizes, strong photon number fluctuations in the condensed phase, as predicted by statistical theory [24,25], have been experimentally verified in the dye microcavity system [26]. Condensates in the grand canonical ensemble limit have a vanishing second-order coherence, corresponding to a zero-delay intensity correlation g (2) (0) = 2, same as incoherent sources, as lamps, have [27].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Phase Coherence of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir

Schmitt¹,

Damm²,

Dung³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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We examine the phase evolution of a Bose-Einstein condensate of photons generated in a dye microcavity by temporal interference with a phase reference. The photoexcitable dye molecules constitute a reservoir of variable size for the condensate particles, allowing for grand canonical statistics with photon bunching, as in a lamptype source. We directly observe phase jumps of the condensate associated with the large statistical number fluctuations and find a separation of correlation timescales.For large systems, our data reveals phase coherence and a spontaneously broken symmetry, despite the statistical fluctuations.At the heart of Bose-Einstein condensation, the phase transition of a cold and dense gas of integer spin (bosonic) particles to a macroscopically populated ground state, is its phase coherence [1,2]. While for a thermal, incoherent ensemble each particle evolves individually, in a Bose-Einstein condensate the macroscopic ground state occupation leads to the whole condensate acting as a single, giant quantum wave. Each individual measurement will then yield a fixed, though random phase, as expected from spontaneous symmetry breaking [3,4,33]. The macroscopic phase of Bose-Einstein condensates has been verified in interference experiments with ultracold atomic gases [6]. For condensates of polaritons, mixed states of matter and light, polarization symmetry breaking was reported [7,8], while polariton arrays have shown phase locking [9]. Further, spatial coherence has been reported for equilibrium photon condensates [10], and also in a nonequilibrium regime [11]. Both atomic and polariton condensates are usually assumed to emit a single wave train of constant amplitude [1,12].They operate with an essentially fixed number of particles, corresponding to a description in the microcanonical or canonical ensemble limit. Such sources have both first and second-order * Present address: Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zürich, Auguste-Piccard-Hof 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland arXiv:1512.07148v1 [cond-mat.quant-gas]

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“…3(a) show the rate [24,26]. Correspondingly, we observe the persistence of statistical number fluctuations up to larger condensate populationsn, see Fig.…”

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 82%

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: (B)mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Phase Coherence of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir

Schmitt¹,

Damm²,

Dung³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. Lett.

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On the Interaction of Massive Photons and Mechanical Oscillators in Cavity Optomechanics: Basic Model and Quantization

Mikki

2023

Annalen der Physik

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This study investigates the theoretical aspects of the interaction between photons with mass and a mechanical oscillator as drawn within the framework of cavity optomechanics. The study employs Proca theory as the mathematical framework to initially describe the dynamics of massive photons in a Fabry‐Perot cavity with a movable mass, both in classical and quantum scenarios. It quantifies the modifications induced by the nonzero photon mass, considering first‐ and second‐order effects, and derives expressions for the amplification of radiation pressure resulting from the presence of nonzero photon mass. Additionally, it derives the Hamiltonian of the quantum optomechanical system, incorporating the effects of photon mass at first and second order. It anticipates that experimental realization of massive optomechanics can be achieved by utilizing Proca material, which is a spatio‐temporally dispersive material that exhibits behavior equivalent to Proca theory in a vacuum, thus enabling the study of the interaction between massive photons and mechanical systems in cavity‐based optomechanical setups (referred to as massive cavity optomechanics). The study presented here caters to a diverse audience with an interest in the analysis and measurement of interactions among massive objects at the quantum scale.

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Photon Bose–Einstein Condensation and Lasing in Semiconductor Cavities

Loirette--Pelous

2023

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Photon Bose–Einstein condensation and photon thermalisation have been largely studied with molecular gain media in optical cavities. However, their observation with semiconductors has remained elusive despite a large body of experimental results and very well established theoretical models. In this work, these models are used to build a new theoretical framework that enables revisiting lasing to compare with photon Bose–Einstein condensation in the driven‐dissipative regime. The thermalisation figures of merit and the different experimental procedures to asses thermalization are discussed. Finally, the fluctuations of the system and their relation to the different regimes are explored.

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Statistical Physics of Bose-Einstein-Condensed Light in a Dye Microcavity

Cited by 100 publications

References 22 publications

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Phase Coherence of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir

Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking and Phase Coherence of a Photon Bose-Einstein Condensate Coupled to a Reservoir

On the Interaction of Massive Photons and Mechanical Oscillators in Cavity Optomechanics: Basic Model and Quantization

Photon Bose–Einstein Condensation and Lasing in Semiconductor Cavities

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