Statistical Physics

Landau,; Lifshitz,; Ross, John

doi:10.1115/1.3644010

Cited by 274 publications

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“…According to the Landau theory of structural phase transitions, the order parameter fluctuations as well as symmetry changes and heat capacity jump are observed near the points of phase transitions 39, 40. In our opinion, this regularity has also been shown in this case.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous change of viscosity and conductivity in blood plasma lipoproteins in the physiological temperature range

Kunitsyn¹,

Панин²,

Polyakov³

2001

Int. J. Quantum Chem.

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Study on temperature dependencies of viscosity (η) and conductivity (σ) of blood lipoproteins [high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)] and A‐I apolipoprotein (human and rats) has revealed the presence of the anomalous region at temperature 35–38±0.5°C (Tc). Transition width is 2°C. Viscous flow enthalpy, activation energy (ΔH), and transition enthalpy (ΔHtrans.) as well as thermal coefficients Δη/ΔT and Δσ/ΔT on either side of Tc have been calculated. Transition heat is very low in human HDL, VLDL and apoA‐I, and in LDL it is higher by a factor of 4–5. Some mechanisms of the cortisol interaction with HDL and apoA‐I have been studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy and conductometry. The hormone has been found to strengthen the tangle → α‐helixes and tangle → β‐structures transitions and increase the ordering of lipids. Therewith, ΔHtrans. rises markedly (13 and more times), and at the same time the anomalous region is shifted by 1–2°C in apoA‐I. The anomalous change of viscosity and conductivity in the physiological temperature range for all lipoprotein fractions and apoA‐I seems to be due to the structural phase transition in both proteins and lipids. In view of the heat capacity jump and a low value of ΔHtrans. in human HDL, one may assume the phospholipids of these particles to exhibit the orientation transition of smectic A↔C type, which is assigned to the second type of phase transition. The structural transition into apoA‐I is likely to contain the elements of phase transition of the first and second types. In human and rat VLDL, the smectic → cholesteric phase transition seems to occur. Enthalpy of viscous flow and structural transition in VLDL is higher for rats than for human. The pH shift of the medium to the neutral region (pH 6.1) results in shifting the anomalous region by 1–2°C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quant Chem 81: 348–369, 2001

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous change of viscosity and conductivity in blood plasma lipoproteins in the physiological temperature range

Kunitsyn¹,

Панин²,

Polyakov³

2001

Int. J. Quantum Chem.

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“…has to be supplemented by a formula for the entropy balance

T_{o} σ_{i} = Δ u - T_{o} Δ s

where the ∆ denotes a difference between quantities pertaining to the incident and emitted beam. Equation provides a recipe for how the irreversible losses can be determined using, for example, standard results from the statistical mechanics of radiation, In keeping with an earlier remark concerning Eq. , we note that the expression on the right‐hand side of (25) resembles the availability/exergy of one photon, without the pressure correction—in other words, describing a process at constant volume.…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of Photovoltaic Conversion Solar Cell As a Hmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The concept of black body, as a perfect absorber and emitter of radiation, is of a special significance for solar energy conversion as it represents a good approximation for the radiation emitted by the Sun. This similarity provides a powerful basis for a theoretical understanding: representing the Sun's radiation as a black body affords a valuable tool that has been developed over many years, and is available in a standard form in most textbooks on thermodynamics and statistical physics (see e.g., Refs and ).…”

Section: The Foundation Pillarsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It provides a clear link to thermodynamics and the Carnot efficiency, by effectively generalizing the Einstein's balance between absorption and emission by introducing photon fluxes at different temperatures (see also Ref ). The key relation which underpins the thermodynamic analysis is the expression for the monochromatic photon entropy:

s_{ν} = k_{B} normalln ((), 1 + ℰ \frac{G_{ν}}{Φ_{ν}})

where G ν = 2 ν 2 δν / c 2 and Φ ν is the photon flux in a small frequency range δν at frequency ν . We note that entropy per photon increases with increasing étendue ℰ and decreases with increasing photon flux.…”

Section: Thermodynamics Of Photovoltaic Conversion Solar Cell As a Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

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From steam engine to solar cells: can thermodynamics guide the development of future generations of photovoltaics?

Markvart

2016

WIREs Energy & Environment

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Thermodynamics has played a singular role in the development of virtually all energy technologies to-date. This review argues that it also has a role to play in the understanding and design of solar cell operation, particularly looking toward the future, high-efficiency solar cells. After a historical overview of the key developments in the 'thermodynamics of light,' the conversion of a monochromatic light beam is used as a starting point to analyze the conversion process, examine the fundamental losses in terms of irreversible entropy generation, and consider in detail one of the key applications: the Shockley-Queisser detailed balance. We review and compare the principal suggestions for the highest theoretical efficiency of solar energy conversion, and analyze one possible embodiment of such a third-generation structure: the hot-carrier solar cell. A somewhat different application of the statistical approach-light trapping-is reviewed at a fundamental level, and the future potential is considered for devices which combine such a 'thermodynamic squeezing' of light with latest developments in photonics, leading to a photonic bandgap solar cell. We argue that the widespread use of thermodynamic tools in the current photovoltaics research, especially when combined with the potential benefits to future devices, already indicates that our thinking should not be about if but how thermodynamics can guide us to make better solar cells.

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“…The entire basis for what intuition for this separation dictates is connected to the observations of the second law of thermodynamics. This means the forward direction of time is related to the experience of observing an increase in entropy …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum measurements and thermodynamics

Bracken

2019

Int J of Quantum Chemistry

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Thermodynamics was developed when it was still unclear whether the microworld had an atomic substructure. The objective here is to investigate the relationship between the process of a quantum measurement and the second law of thermodynamics. It is necessary to make the ideas of heat and work explicit in this approach. It is possible to study the correspondence between information entropy and thermodynamic entropy. Finally, a model is proposed in such a way as to resemble an experimental example for the discussion. K E Y W O R D S density matrix, entropy, heat bath, measurement, thermodynamics P A C S 3.65.Ta; 4.20.Cv; 5.30.-d; 5.70.-a 1 | INTRODUCTIONThermodynamics is a fundamental part of classical physics that was developed when the atomic nature of matter was still undecided. Yet the basis of thermodynamics at the microscopic level remains incomplete. It is the belief now that quantum mechanics determines the behavior of matter at very small scales of the microscopic realm. The correspondence between these two subjects is of great interest in general. One of the more important reasons is that what appears to be the occurrence of time reversal symmetry at microscopic scales appears to be the occurrence of time reversal asymmetry as one moves to macroscopic scales. The entire basis for what intuition for this separation dictates is connected to the observations of the second law of thermodynamics. This means the forward direction of time is related to the experience of observing an increase in entropy. [1,2] Suppose we examine a quantum measurement according to the rules of Bohr. Then, a measurement may be thought of as an interaction between a classical apparatus and a quantum object such that the data may be thought of as classical and reside in the dynamics of a classical device. Thus, there is no direct observation of the quantum object. To ask the question what is the quantum object really doing is to restrict the quantum particle to behave in a classical manner and yields the appearance of a classical apparatus. [2][3][4][5][6] Landau and Lifshitz conjectured that second law entropy increases are required for quantum measurements, and quantum measurements are also responsible for the increase in entropy dictated by the second law itself. One implication of this is the notion that the second law has no grounding or basis in classical statistical thermodynamics, and in fact, quantum mechanics is required. These investigators never proved their conjecture, and this will not be carried out here either. However, some of the formal detail and existing problems will be described in detail.Once a typical classical apparatus and quantum object are defined, the manner in which the classical apparatus is to interact with the quantum object is established. The quantum object may exert nonadiabatic and adiabatic forces on the classical device so that quantum measurements can be discussed. These ideas will be developed more completely by formulating the equation of interaction with a heat bath. The idea of work and hea...

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Statistical Physics

Cited by 274 publications

References 0 publications

Anomalous change of viscosity and conductivity in blood plasma lipoproteins in the physiological temperature range

Anomalous change of viscosity and conductivity in blood plasma lipoproteins in the physiological temperature range

From steam engine to solar cells: can thermodynamics guide the development of future generations of photovoltaics?

Quantum measurements and thermodynamics

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