Statistical notes for clinical researchers: the independent samples <i>t</i>-test

Kim, Hae-Young

doi:10.5395/rde.2019.44.e26

Cited by 33 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…Aerobic plate count data for RMBDs and extruded diets were tested for normality (Shapiro-Wilk test) ( 24 ) and homoscedasticity (Fligner-Killeen test) ( 25 ). Welch's two-sample t -test was used to contrast raw and extruded diets APC levels ( 26 ), while ANOVA was used for the multiple comparison analysis among RMBDs producers ( 27 ). Fischer's exact test was used to evaluate the association between pathogen prevalence and type of diet (RMBDs or extruded) ( 28 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Quality and Presence of Foodborne Pathogens in Raw and Extruded Canine Diets and Canine Fecal Samples

et al. 2022

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Pet food can be a source of microbiological hazards that might affect companion animals and owners. Even though owners usually rely on conventional pet diets, such as extruded diets, new feeding practices, such as raw meat-based diets (RMBDs), have grown. RMBDs' benefits are still scientifically uncertain, while its risks have been documented. The use of canine RMBDs might increase the exposure to zoonotic pathogens, such as Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter spp., among others. Identifying pathogen prevalence in canine food and pets is required to contribute to public health measures. The aims of this study were: (1) to compare the microbiological quality of RMBDs and extruded diets (2) to identify and compare the prevalence of Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, and L. monocytogenes from raw and extruded canine diets and canine fecal samples, and (3) to characterize pet owners according to the diet chosen to be used on their pets, their motivations for using RMBDs, and their knowledge about benefits and risks related to this feeding practice. Conventional and molecular microbiological methods were used to identify pathogen presence from food and fecal samples, while pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to evaluate the clonal relationship between isolates. Aerobic plate counts for RMBDs were higher than those detected for extruded diets. Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes were isolated from 35.7% (15/42) RMBDs, while Salmonella spp., C. jejuni, and L. monocytogenes from 33.3% (11/33) fecal samples from RMBD-fed dogs. From the RMBD samples positive to Salmonella spp., chicken was the main meat ingredient composing the diets. PFGE analysis confirmed a genetic association between Salmonella spp. isolates from fecal and raw food samples from the same household. We did not detect pathogens from extruded food samples or feces from extruded-fed dogs. Using a survey, we identified dog owners' unawareness and/or underestimation of risks related to RMBDs. We demonstrated that canine raw pet food might be a source of zoonotic foodborne pathogens that represent a health risk for both humans and pets. While clinical findings caused by the mentioned pathogens vary among pets, the zoonotic potential implies a significant concern.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiological Quality and Presence of Foodborne Pathogens in Raw and Extruded Canine Diets and Canine Fecal Samples

et al. 2022

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“…On top of that, the strength of associations was analysed using Cramer's V analysis. The Cramer's V analysis evaluates association strengths between two categorical variables (Kim, 2017(Kim, , 2019.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge and Compliance among Staff Nurses in Collecting Urine Culture from Patients on Indwelling Catheter in A Medical Ward

Arifin

Dioso²,

Panduragan³

2022

MJN

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Urine specimens can easily be contaminated by microbes in the genital area, which often leads to false positive results and antibiotic over-prescriptions. This study aimed to evaluate nurses’ knowledge and compliance regarding urine collection with an indwelling catheter in a medical ward. A total of 101 registered nurses participated in this study from September 2020 to January 2021 at the Hospital Raja Perempuan Zainab II (HRPZII). A total of 118 nurses participated in this study. Generally, the nurses had sufficient knowledge of the correct urine specimen handling. Cramer’s V analysis showed a moderate association between hand hygiene knowledge and practice among the nurses (φc: 0.273, p = 0.046). In addition, the knowledge and practice of decontaminating continuous bladder drainage areas displayed a relatively moderate association (p = 0.01). While most nurses showed knowledge of the contamination preventive measures, initiatives should be taken so that all nurses would be more likely to comply with the recommended procedure and reduce specimen contamination.

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“…The obtained cross sectional data was coded and analysed using independent samples T test. The independent samples t-test is to be used to determine if the means of two independent sets of data are significantly different from each other (Kim, 2019). These two sets of data are mutually exclusive.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Gender and Personal Traits in Determining Business Performance of Ghana’s Informal Slum Businesses

Zogli

Dlamini²,

Agbenyegah³

et al. 2021

ijebd

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Purpose: It has been established that most informal businesses in Ghana are performing well and earn incomes higher than the poverty line threshold. The current study, therefore, aims at ascertaining how one’s gender and personal traits (locus of control) affect business performance. Design/methodology/approach: To this effect, cross sectional quantitative data was obtained from 344 participants in two informal settlements in Ghana using a structured interview. The independent sample T-test was used to analyse the data. Findings: It was found out that there was no significant difference between the performances of male or female owned businesses. Furthermore, it was also discovered that there was a significant difference in the business performance of operators based on locus of control.

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Statistical notes for clinical researchers: the independent samples t-test

Cited by 33 publications

References 0 publications

Microbiological Quality and Presence of Foodborne Pathogens in Raw and Extruded Canine Diets and Canine Fecal Samples

Microbiological Quality and Presence of Foodborne Pathogens in Raw and Extruded Canine Diets and Canine Fecal Samples

Knowledge and Compliance among Staff Nurses in Collecting Urine Culture from Patients on Indwelling Catheter in A Medical Ward

The Role of Gender and Personal Traits in Determining Business Performance of Ghana’s Informal Slum Businesses

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