Statistical normal values of visual parameters that characterize binocular function in children

Abstract

A wide range of visual parameters used to evaluate binocular function were evaluated in a paediatric population (1056 subjects aged 6-12 years). Mean values are provided for these ages in optometric tests that directly assess the vergence system, horizontal phorias for near and far vision (measured by a modified version of the Thorington method), negative and positive vergence amplitude for near and far vision (step vergence testing), vergence facility (flippers 8 Delta BI/8 Delta BO), and near-point of convergence (penlight push-up technique and red-lens push-up technique), as well as stimulus accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio and stereoacuity (Randot test) which provide an overall evaluation of the vergence, accommodative and oculomotor systems. A statistical comparison (anova and Bonferroni post hoc test) of these values between ages was performed. The differences, although statistically significant, were not clinically meaningful, and therefore we identified two trends in the behaviour of these parameters. For all parameters, except for vergence facility, we established a single mean reference value for the age range studied. The difference between the means for vergence facility indicated the need to divide the population into two age ranges (6-8 and 8-12 years). This study establishes statistical normal values for these parameters in a paediatric population and their means are a valuable instrument for separating children with binocular anomalies from those with normal binocular vision.

Binocular Vision and Eye Movement Disorders in Older Adults

“…Figure 3 and Table 3 show the final prevalence of any AT or disorder according to age for the current and past visits. When equivalent age groups were compared between the past and present data, no significant >2 pd by CT or >1 pd by MR in the primary position 51 As for AT Distance exophoria (as for vertical phoria) >4 pd exophoria (by CT or MR) in the primary position 52,53 As for AT PLUS abnormal þve fusional reserves or symptoms of diplopia or suppression (i.e., a distance phoria with evidence of decompensation) Near exophoria (alternating cover test using prism bars)…”

Normal Binoküler Görmeye Sahip Olan Türk Popülasyonunda, Farklı Yaş Grupları için Konverjansın Yakın Kırılma Noktası: Normatif Veri

“…2 Diğer yazarlar ise 6-13 yaş grubunda ortalama konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasını 2,7-6,5 cm aralığında rapor etmektedirler. 14,15,17 Chen ve ark. 16 1-17 yaş aralığında bu ölçümü ortalama 1,96 cm olarak bildirmişlerdir.…”

“…Bu çalışmada yazarlar, 6-7 yaş grubundaki konverjansın yakın kırılma noktasının ortalaması diğer yaşlardan istatistiksel olarak anlamlı derecede farklı olduğunu saptamışlar, ancak 6-7 yaş ile 12 yaş arasında böyle bir fark tespit edemediklerinden, bu olasılığı çalışmanın sonunda reddetmişlerdir. 17 Hayes ve ark. 'nın 2 anaokulu, ilkokul 3. ve 6. sınıf çocuklarını karşılaştırdığı 297 olguluk serisinde; grupların konverjansın yakın kırılma noktası ortalamaları arasında önemli farklar tespit edilmiştir.…”

Rangos de referencia de heteroforias y reservas fusionales entre los 6 y los 60 años de edad

“…Jiménez y colaboradores (7) reportaron dichas diferencias (como función de la edad): agruparon por edad (6,7,8,9, 10 y 11 años) a los sujetos evaluados, pero no mostraron ninguna tendencia al cambio, como lo que se observa en el presente estudio; de hecho, ningún otro trabajo evaluado ha evidenciado este incremento de la RFP en función de la edad (figura 4.). Es posible que el incremento del valor de ruptura se deba al aumento de la distancia interpupilar de los sujetos.…”