Statistical, Morphometric, Anatomical Shape Model (Atlas) of Calcaneus

Melińska, Aleksandra; Romaszkiewicz, Patryk; Wagel, Justyna; Sąsiadek, Marek; Iskander, D. Robert

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134603

Cited by 16 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 72 publications

(72 reference statements)

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“…Scarton et al validated a PCA approach to describing the shape of the foot, specifically the skin and the first metatarsal, and recommended that PCA of the rest of the foot bones would assist in the development of parametric foot models. Previously, our group used PCA to compare metatarsal morphology across foot types and sex; these data can be used to inform the geometry of finite element models.While not PCA, Melinska et al used spherical harmonics to identify the common features, positions, and geometry of the calcaneus using healthy individual males.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Hind‐ and midfoot bone morphology varies with foot type and sex

Moore

Kindig

McKearney

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Foot type has been associated with pain, injury, and altered gait mechanics. Morphological variations in foot bones due to foot type variation may impact surgical and therapeutic treatments. The purpose of this study was to utilize principal component analysis (PCA) to determine how morphology of the hind‐ and midfoot bones differs among foot types and sex. The calcaneus, talus, navicular, and cuboid were segmented using previously obtained computed tomography (CT) scans and converted to surface models. The CTs were sorted into four foot types—cavus, neutrally aligned, asymptomatic planus, and symptomatic planus. Morphometric shape analysis software (Geomorph) was used to perform a PCA to determine which components varied between foot types and between sexes. The calcaneus showed planus feet of both types to have calcanei that have decreased height and increased length compared to neutrally aligned feet. The talus demonstrated increased posterior mass for cavus feet compared to neutrally aligned feet. For the navicular, symptomatic planus had a more posteriorly positioned tuberosity and were wider than asymptomatic planus feet. The cuboid did not exhibit any differences between foot types. Sex differences, found only at the talus and navicular, were subtle. PCA is an objective technique that helped elucidate differences in bone morphology between foot types and sex without needing to determine the features of interest before comparing groups. Understanding these variations can help inform diagnosis of foot pathologies and surgical protocols as well as improve computer models of the foot. Published 2018. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA. J Orthop Res 9999:1–16, 2019.

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confidence: 99%

“…Previously, our group used PCA to compare metatarsal morphology across foot types and sex; 13 these data can be used to inform the geometry of finite element models. While not PCA, Melinska et al 21 used spherical harmonics to identify the common features, positions, and geometry of the calcaneus using healthy individual males.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Hind‐ and midfoot bone morphology varies with foot type and sex

Moore

Kindig

McKearney

et al. 2019

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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“…16 Limited studies have conducted SSM in bones of the foot and ankle. [17][18][19] Moreover, studies to date lacked clinical or anatomical interpretation of the mathematical modes of variation and did not consider joint coverage, space, or congruency. An SSM-based approach to characterizing subtalar joint morphometrics could lead to greater insight and advancements in the clinical treatment of hindfoot disorders (eg, ankle joint OA and flatfoot deformity).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphologic analysis of the subtalar joint using statistical shape modeling

Krähenbühl

Lenz

Lisonbee

et al. 2020

Journal Orthopaedic Research

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Weightbearing computed tomography (WBCT) enables visualization of the foot and ankle as patients stand under load. Clinical measurements of WBCT images are generally limited to two‐dimensions, which reduces the ability to quantify complex morphology of individual osseous structures as well as the alignment between two or more bones. The shape and orientation of the healthy/normal subtalar joint, in particular, is not well‐understood, which makes it very difficult to diagnose subtalar pathoanatomy. Herein, we employed statistical shape modeling to evaluate three‐dimensional (3D) shape variation, coverage, space, and congruency of the subtalar joint using WBCT data of 27 asymptomatic healthy individuals. The four most relevant findings were: (A) talar and calcaneal anatomical differences were found regarding the presence of (a) the talar posterior process, (b) calcaneal pitch, and (c) curvature of the calcaneal posterior facet; (B) the talar posterior facet articular surface area was significantly greater than the calcaneal posterior facet articular surface area; (C) the posterior facet varied in joint space distance, whereas the anteromedial facet was even; and (D) the posterior and anteromedial facet of the subtalar joint was consistently congruent. Despite considerable shape variation across the population, the posterior and anteromedial articular facets of the subtalar joint were consistently congruent. Results provide a detailed 3D analysis of the subtalar joint under a weightbearing condition in a healthy population which can be used for comparisons to pathological patient populations. The described SSM approach also shows promise for clinical evaluation of the subtalar joint from 3D surface reconstructions of WBCT images.

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“…One potential strategy to restore native anatomy and improve outcomes is to use the contralateral (uninjured) side in planning reconstruction after traumatic injury. 14,18 However, the assumption that ankle bones are symmetric is controversial because of a lack of research. One recent study of 11 subjects indicated that the mean 3-dimensional (3D) side-to-side deviation in talus bone morphology is between –0.74 and 0.62 mm.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,25 Early research investigating sex-dependent differences in ankle bone morphology focused on discrete anatomic features. 13,14,16,27,29 More recently, statistical shape modeling 16 or principal components analysis 27 has been performed to identify independent variations in ankle bone shape. Those studies were somewhat contradictory, with one study identifying male-female differences in the tibia, calcaneus, and talus 27 and the other reporting only that sex differences in ankle bones were subtle.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bilateral Symmetry, Sex Differences, and Primary Shape Factors in Ankle and Hindfoot Bone Morphology

Gabrielli

Gale

Hogan

et al. 2020

Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics

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Background: Ankle injuries and joint degeneration may be related to ankle bone morphology. Little data exist to characterize healthy hindfoot bone morphology. The purpose of this study was to characterize side-to-side symmetry and sex differences in ankle and hindfoot bone morphology, and to identify the primary shape factors that differentiate ankle and hindfoot bone morphology among individuals. Methods: Computed tomography was used to create 3D surface models of the distal tibia, talus, and calcaneus for 40 ankle and hindfoot bones from 20 healthy individuals. Morphologic differences between left and right bones of the same individual and between males and females were determined. Statistical shape modeling was performed to identify primary shape variations among individuals. Results: Side-to-side differences in bone morphology averaged 0.79 mm or less. The average distal tibia in males was larger overall than in females. No significant sex difference was noted in the tali. The average female calcaneus was longer and thinner than the average male calcaneus. Variability in ankle and hindfoot bone morphology is primarily associated with articulating surface shape, overall length and width, and tendon/ligament attachment points. Conclusion: In general, the contralateral ankle can serve as an accurate guide for operative restoration of native ankle morphology; however, specific regions demonstrate higher asymmetry. Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of regions of high and low bilateral symmetry can improve hindfoot and ankle reconstruction. Design of ankle prostheses can be improved by accounting for differences in bone morphology associated with sex and shape differences among individuals.

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Statistical, Morphometric, Anatomical Shape Model (Atlas) of Calcaneus

Cited by 16 publications

References 72 publications

Hind‐ and midfoot bone morphology varies with foot type and sex

Hind‐ and midfoot bone morphology varies with foot type and sex

Morphologic analysis of the subtalar joint using statistical shape modeling

Bilateral Symmetry, Sex Differences, and Primary Shape Factors in Ankle and Hindfoot Bone Morphology

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