Statistical Feature–Based Steganalysis for Pixel-Value Differencing Steganography

Abstract

The security and embedding capacity of pixel-value differencing (PVD) steganography is superior to that of least significant bit replacement steganography. Several studies have proposed extended PVD steganography methods that use the original concept of PVD steganography. The majority of the studies have verified their security against regular-singular detection analysis or pixel difference histogram attacks. Weighted stego image steganalysis is the state-of-the-art technology for PVD steganography. This study proposed a suitable parameter for the estimator based on different relative embedding ratios and the size of normal embedding blocks. The experimental results revealed that the proposed technology does not require advance knowledge of the original image. In addition, the proposed method is accurate and precise at any embedding ratio. In the future, this method may be utilized to analyze the security of extended PVD steganography.

Video steganography: recent advances and challenges

“…The expected values are compared against the observed values and the degree of similarity is calculated. If the similarity is below a certain threshold, then the image has not been tampered with, else it has some embedded information [63].…”