Statistical Characterization of Bare Soil Surface Microrelief

Abstract

Because the soil surface occurs at the boundary between the atmosphere and the pedosphere, it plays an important role for geomorphologic processes. Roughness of soil surface is a key parameter to understand soil properties and physical processes related to substrate movement, water infiltration or runoff, and soil erosion. It has been noted by many authors that most of the soil surface and water interaction processes have characteristic lengths in millimeter scales. Soil irregularities at small scale, such as aggregates, clods and interrill depressions, influence water outflow and infiltration rate. They undergo rapid changes caused by farming imple‐ ments, followed by a slow evolution due to rainfall events. Another objective of soil surface roughness study is investigating the effects of different tillage implements on soil physical properties (friability, compaction, fragmentation and water content) to obtain an optimal crop emergence. Seedbed preparation focuses on the creation of fine aggregates and the size distribution of aggregates and clods produced by tillage operations is frequently measured. Active microwave remote sensing allows potential monitoring of soil surface roughness or moisture retrieving at field scale using space-based Synthetic Aperture Radars (SAR) with high spatial resolution (metric or decametric). The scattering of microwaves depends on several surface characteristics as well as on imagery configuration. The SAR signal is very sensitive to soil surface irregularities and structures (clod arrangement, furrows) and moisture content in the first few centimeters of soil (depending on the radar wavelength). In order to link the remote sensing observations to scattering physical models as well as for modelling purpose, key features of the soil microtopography should be characterized. However, this characteri‐ zation is not fully understood and some dispersion of roughness parameters can be observed in the same field according to the methodology used. It seems also, that when describing surface roughness as a whole, some information related to structured elements of the micro‐ topography is lost

Statistics of Two Indicators for Multilook Scattering Signals from Multilayered Structures with Slightly Rough Interfaces

“…Nevertheless, the roughness of some natural or agricultural surfaces does not obey a Gaussian height distribution. For example, the height distribution of some ploughed soils is not Gaussian [23,24]. For non-Gaussian slightly rough surfaces, we do not know how to conclude on the nature of the joint distribution of the real and imaginary parts of the scattering amplitudes.…”

Multilook phase difference distribution for slightly rough boundary layered ground

“…The Gaussian character is not systematically observed on soil surfaces. For example, the height distribution of some ploughed soils is not Gaussian [33][34][35]. It therefore appears useful to derive the analytical expression for the statistical distribution of the phase difference within the framework of the small perturbation method.…”

Response Relationship between Microtopographic Variation and Slope Erosion under Sand-Cover

“…Runoff and sediment yield in wind and water-erosion intersections can also be affected by differences in the physical properties of the two-element and one-element slope structures. For example, differences in particle composition, saturated water permeability, and other physical properties contributed to differences in infiltration, confluence, and erosion between one and two-element structured slopes [42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49]. The study on the erosion and sediment yield process of sand-sand dual-structure slopes is focused on qualitatively characterizing erosion processes under different rainfall and underlying conditions, although quantitative measurements of the distribution of erosion sources and their response to microtopographic changes are also considered.…”