Abstract:Morphologic analysis based on statistical atlases is novel and useful to characterize the Asian humerus. The humerus demonstrates gender-specific morphology. This unique approach provides information that is useful to the clinician and biomedical engineer, not only in the modification of current or design of future humeral implants, but also in the precise dynamic positioning of Asian-specific humeral implants to Asian patients. Our findings support the need for further development of humeral implants, curvili… Show more
“…Linear distances omit information about relationships involving the shape of the object. Lately, statistical bone atlases have been used to investigate the bilateral asymmetry of the human skeleton (e.g., Fatah et al, ) or to develop the field of biomedical engineering (e.g., Wu et al, ). However, recent advances in three‐dimensional reconstruction and improvements in geometric morphometrics analyses (GM) have enabled testing of more sophisticated biological hypotheses (e.g., Bejdová et al, ; Bigoni et al, ; Frelat et al, ; Harcourt‐Smith et al, ; Kubicka et al, ; Velemínská et al, ) and enabled the illustration of differences in shape between objects (Mitteroecker and Gunz, ; Zeldith et al, ).…”
“…Linear distances omit information about relationships involving the shape of the object. Lately, statistical bone atlases have been used to investigate the bilateral asymmetry of the human skeleton (e.g., Fatah et al, ) or to develop the field of biomedical engineering (e.g., Wu et al, ). However, recent advances in three‐dimensional reconstruction and improvements in geometric morphometrics analyses (GM) have enabled testing of more sophisticated biological hypotheses (e.g., Bejdová et al, ; Bigoni et al, ; Frelat et al, ; Harcourt‐Smith et al, ; Kubicka et al, ; Velemínská et al, ) and enabled the illustration of differences in shape between objects (Mitteroecker and Gunz, ; Zeldith et al, ).…”
“…Accordingly, it is necessary to consider the sex difference in the usable bone volume. Regarding bones with a sex difference, Wu et al 31) discovered that the length and width of the humerus were larger in males, and Zubin et al 32) reported that the length, width, and thickness of the clavicle were larger in males.…”
Free vascularized fibular flaps (FVFF) have an advantage in their applicability for extensive bone defects in the maxillofacial region after surgery, and have therefore been employed in maxillofacial reconstruction in Western countries. For successful application of FVFF, anatomical understanding of the fibula is necessary. Many studies on the fibula of patients and autopsied bodies have been reported. An increase in demand is predicted in Japan, but few studies on the morphological characteristics of the fibula of Japanese have been reported. Many unclear points remain and no study has focused on sex differences. In this study, the 3-dimensional morphology of the fibula of Japanese was observed, the previously unreported distribution and location of the feeding blood vessels were examined, and the region containing sufficient bone mass for maxillofacial reconstruction was anatomically evaluated. Images of the excised fibula were acquired using CT for medical use and subjected to 3-dimensional reconstruction. Prior to measurement, the fibula was divided into 6 parts between the apex of the fibular head and apex of the lateral malleolus. The 4 central regions were set as regions of interest and the diameters of the fibular cross sections were 3-dimensionallymeasured. In addition, the distribution of the feeding blood vessels to the fibula was macroscopically observed and classified. On 3-dimensional bone morphology measurement, the width (diameter) of fibula cross section between the anterior margin and posterior aspect was the largest, followed by that between the medial crest and lateral aspect. In the regions of interest, the mean width between the anterior margin and posterior aspect, which corresponded to the grafted bone height, exceeded 10 mm, and the mean width between the medial crest and lateral aspect and between the posterior margin and medial aspect, which became the buccolingual width of the grafted bone, exceeded 6 mm, confirming that the graft thickness is sufficient for grafting. Furthermore, the blood vessels feeding the fibula entered the bone in the central one-third region in all preparations. Inclusion of the central one-third region was suggested to be effective for vascularized fibular grafting.
“…In order to cater to the Asian patients, a statistical atlas [6] has to be worked out first. This paper gives a review of the progress of the construction of the Asian atlas and subsequently the approach of creating the preliminary implant for Asians, which are significant for minimally invasive procedures [7,8,9,10,11] in general and for robotic surgeries [12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. To summarize, the primary contributions of this paper include a new proposed methodology for the obtainment of curvature from the newly created Asian statistical atlas.…”
Implant positioning is highly depending on the morphological matching between the patient anatomical structure and the implants. This paper is investigating the Asian-specific humeral implant development towards more consistent and accurate implant positioning in minimally invasively ways. Humeral implants are currently readily available and used on patients, however these implants are not compatible to every patient, especially the Asian patients due to the difference in the bone size and structure. Surgeons had to consistently modify the surgery which brought a lot of inconvenience to both the patient and the surgeon. The construction of an Asian atlas based implant has therefore been proposed to eradicate this problem. With an Asian atlas, new implants specifically for Asians could be designed and created. Prelude to the design of the implant, data clustering and extraction of the relevant curvature have to be carried out. In this paper, the progress made up to now regarding the design of the implant based on the Asian atlas will be reviewed.
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