Statistical Approaches to the Classification of Alcohol and Drug Addiction

Skinner, Harvey A.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1982.tb02455.x

Cited by 43 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…Cannabis use characteristics were assessed at age 20 using the Lifetime History of Drug Use and Drug Consumption (40), a psychometrically sound, semi-structured interview. This was the first visit at which participants were asked about their frequency and quantity of use across development.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood

et al. 2017

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Aims 1) To identify trajectories of cannabis use across adolescence, 2) to measure the influence of cannabis use characteristics on functional connectivity of the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), and 3) to assess whether patterns of functional connectivity related to cannabis use are associated with psychosocial functioning 2 years later. Design The Pitt Mother & Child Project (PMCP) is a prospective, longitudinal study of male youth at high risk for psychopathology based on family income and gender. Setting Participants were recruited between age 6–17 months from the Women, Infants, and Children Nutritional Supplement program (WIC) in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. Participants N=158 PMCP young men contributed fMRI and substance use data at age 20. Measurements Latent class growth analysis was used to determine trajectories of cannabis use frequency from age 14–19. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was used to measure functional connectivity between the NAcc and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Adolescent cannabis use trajectory, recent frequency of use, and age of initiation were considered as developmental factors. We also tested whether functional connectivity was associated with depressive symptoms, anhedonia, and educational attainment at age 22. Findings We identified three distinct trajectories of adolescent cannabis use, characterized by stable high, escalating, or stable low use. Cannabis use trajectory group had a significant effect on NAcc functional connectivity to the medial PFC (F=11.32, Z=4.04, pFWE-corr=.000). The escalating trajectory group displayed a pattern of negative NAcc-mPFC connectivity that was linked to higher levels of depressive symptoms (r=−.17, p=.041), anhedonia (r=−.19, p=.028), and lower educational attainment (t=−2.77, p=.006) at age 22. Conclusions Pattern of cannabis use frequency across adolescence in US youth could have consequences for mood symptoms and educational attainment in early adulthood via altered function in neural reward circuitry.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood

et al. 2017

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“…For each symptom, ages of onset were estimated to the nearest month. Methods from the Lifetime History of Alcohol Use Interview (Skinner, 1982) were incorporated into the KSADS-PL to collect supplemental information on cannabis, alcohol and other abused substances, including nicotine, and seven other drug classes (stimulants, sedatives/anxiolytics, cocaine, opioids, hallucinogens, solvents/inhalants, and other). Additional information included average quantity and frequency of use, age of onset of regular use (defined as use at least twice a month for 2 months), maximum frequency and quantity of use, and age of maximum frequency and quantity of use.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder

2014

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Rationale The active component of cannabis, delta-9 tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), has a long half-life and widespread neurocognitive effects. There are inconsistent reports of neurocognitive deficits in adults and adolescents with cannabis use disorders (CUD), particularly after a period of abstinence. Objectives To examine neurocognitive measures (IQ, academic achievement, attention, memory, executive functions) in abstinent adolescents with CUD, while controlling for demographic, psychopathology, and poly-substance confounders. Methods We investigated neurocognitive performance in three groups: adolescents with CUD after successful first treatment and in full remission (n=33); controls with psychiatric disorders without substance use disorder history (n=37); and healthy adolescents (n=43). Results Adolescents with psychiatric disorders, regardless of CUD status, performed significantly worse than the healthy adolescents in academic achievement. No group differences were seen in IQ, attention, memory, or executive functions. Lower academic achievement was positively associated with younger age of CUD onset, regular cannabis use, and maximum daily use. In the CUD group, lifetime nicotine use episodes were negatively associated with IQ. Lower overall neurocognitive function was associated with younger age of onset of regular cannabis use and relapse within the one year follow-up. Conclusions Verifiably abstinent adolescents with CUD history did not differ from the two comparison groups, suggesting that previously reported neurocognitive deficits may be related to other factors, including residual drug effects, pre-existing cognitive deficits, concurrent use of other substances (e.g., nicotine), or psychopathology. Adolescents with CUD may not be vulnerable to THC neuropsychological deficits once they achieve remission from all drugs for at least 30 days.

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“…All subjects were human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative either by self-reported medical history or blood test. Autobiographical history of alcohol consumption (5,42,43) yielded quantitative lifetime consumption of alcohol and time since last drink. Interviews and questionnaires assessed current depression symptoms using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) (44); socioeconomic status (SES) using a two-factor scale based on education and occupation (45); handedness (46); history of smoking (current, past, or never); and body mass index (BMI) height cm/weight kg 2 ) (Table 1).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Degradation of Association and Projection White Matter Systems in Alcoholism Detected with Quantitative Fiber Tracking

Pfefferbaum

Rosenbloom

Rohlfing

et al. 2009

Biological Psychiatry

196

179

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Background Excessive alcohol use can cause macrostructural tissue shrinkage with regional preference for frontal systems. The extent and locus of alcoholism’s effect on white matter microstructure is less known. Methods Quantitative fiber tracking derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) assessed the integrity of samples of 11 major white matter bundles in 87 alcoholics (59 men, 28 women) and 88 healthy control subjects (42 men, 46 women). Fiber integrity was expressed as fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), quantified separately for longitudinal diffusivity (λL), a putative index of axonal integrity, and transverse diffusivity (λT), a putative index of myelin integrity. Results Alcoholism affected FA and diffusivity, particularly λT, of several fiber bundles. Frontal and superior sites (frontal forceps, internal and external capsules, fornix, and superior cingulate and longitudinal fasciculi) showed greatest abnormalities in alcoholics relative to control subjects. More posterior and inferior bundles were relatively spared. Lifetime alcohol consumption correlated with regional DTI measures in alcoholic men but not women. When matched for alcohol exposure, alcoholic women showed more DTI signs of white matter degradation than alcoholic men in several fiber bundles. Among all alcoholics, poorer performance on speeded tests correlated with DTI signs of regional white matter degradation. Conclusions This survey of multiple brain fiber systems revealed a differential pattern of alcoholism’s effect on regional FA and diffusivity with functional consequences attributable in part to compromised fiber microstructure with prominence in signs of myelin degradation. Sex-based differences suggest that women are at enhanced risk for alcoholism-related degradation in selective white matter systems.

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Statistical Approaches to the Classification of Alcohol and Drug Addiction

Cited by 43 publications

References 77 publications

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood

Nucleus accumbens functional connectivity at age 20 is associated with trajectory of adolescent cannabis use and predicts psychosocial functioning in young adulthood

Intellectual, neurocognitive, and academic achievement in abstinent adolescents with cannabis use disorder

Degradation of Association and Projection White Matter Systems in Alcoholism Detected with Quantitative Fiber Tracking

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