Statistical and Thermodynamic Optimization of Trace‐Element Modified Al‐Mg‐Si‐Cu Alloys

Pogatscher, Stefan; Antrekowitsch, Helmut; Werinos, Marion; Rank, Gunther; Kaiß, Anna; Prillhofer, Ramona; Löffler, Jörg F.; Uggowitzer, Peter J.

doi:10.1002/9781119093435.ch45

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Alloy Sn shows a reduced number density of Mg–Si co-clusters and a smaller mean cluster size compared to the Reference. We attribute these effects to the vacancy binding effect of Sn, as often described in the literature [10,11,12,29]. At the T4P temperature, substitutional diffusion is inhibited.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…According to Zhen and Kang [9], pre-aging is assumed to suppress negative cluster formation during natural aging, but generates a high number density of β′′ phase nuclei, stimulating the subsequent paint bake response. An alternative method for suppressing the natural aging effect was recently presented by Pogatscher et al [10,11,12]. Their studies showed that adding Sn inhibits cluster formation and improves subsequent artificial aging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Zn and Sn on the Precipitation Behavior of New Al–Mg–Si Alloys

et al. 2019

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In this study, we demonstrate how Zn and Sn influence hardening behavior and cluster formation during pre-aging and paint bake treatment in Al–Mg–Si alloys via hardness tests, tensile tests, and atom probe tomography. Compared to the standard alloy, the Sn-modified variant shows reduced cluster size and yield strength in the pre-aged condition. During the paint bake cycle, the clusters start to grow very fast and the alloy exhibits the highest strength increment. This behavior is attributed to the high vacancy binding energy of Sn. Adding Zn increases the formation kinetics and the size of Mg–Si co-clusters, generating higher yield strength values for both the pre-aged and paint baked conditions. Simultaneous addition of Zn and Sn creates a synergistic effect and produces an alloy that exhibits moderate strength (and good formability) in the pre-aged condition and accelerated hardening behavior during the paint bake cycle.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Zn and Sn on the Precipitation Behavior of New Al–Mg–Si Alloys

et al. 2019

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“…To identify research opportunities with high leverage on sustainability requires consideration of the minerals, metals, processes and amounts produced. For example, research challenges differ profoundly among such diverse problems as the reduction of CO 2 emissions in iron making − (see sections –); development of scrap-tolerant aluminum alloys ,,− (see sections , , and ); electrochemical recovery of gold and copper from consumer electronics ,− (see sections , , , and ); extraction of lithium from scrapped vehicle batteries ,, (see section ); sustainable production of nickel and cobalt ,, (see sections and ); or recovery of precious metal catalysts (see section ).…”

Section: Categories For Research In Direct Metallurgical Sustainabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Raabe

2023

Chem. Rev.

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Production of metals stands for 40% of all industrial greenhouse gas emissions, 10% of the global energy consumption, 3.2 billion tonnes of minerals mined, and several billion tonnes of by-products every year. Therefore, metals must become more sustainable. A circular economy model does not work, because market demand exceeds the available scrap currently by about two-thirds. Even under optimal conditions, at least one-third of the metals will also in the future come from primary production, creating huge emissions. Although the influence of metals on global warming has been discussed with respect to mitigation strategies and socio-economic factors, the fundamental materials science to make the metallurgical sector more sustainable has been less addressed. This may be attributed to the fact that the field of sustainable metals describes a global challenge, but not yet a homogeneous research field. However, the sheer magnitude of this challenge and its huge environmental effects, caused by more than 2 billion tonnes of metals produced every year, make its sustainability an essential research topic not only from a technological point of view but also from a basic materials research perspective. Therefore, this paper aims to identify and discuss the most pressing scientific bottleneck questions and key mechanisms, considering metal synthesis from primary (minerals), secondary (scrap), and tertiary (re-mined) sources as well as the energy-intensive downstream processing. Focus is placed on materials science aspects, particularly on those that help reduce CO2 emissions, and less on process engineering or economy. The paper does not describe the devastating influence of metal-related greenhouse gas emissions on climate, but scientific approaches how to solve this problem, through research that can render metallurgy fossil-free. The content is considering only direct measures to metallurgical sustainability (production) and not indirect measures that materials leverage through their properties (strength, weight, longevity, functionality).

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Strategies for improving the sustainability of structural metals

Raabe

Taşan

Olivetti

2019

Nature

371

143

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Metagoods 16% Vehicles 13% Industrial equipment 16% Construction 55% Re ne Smelter Mine Fabrication Manufacture Use New Scrap Old Scrap Land ll Carbon scrap/nickel to other scrap markets Stock End-of-life products c Transportation 19% Electronics 5% Chemicals 1% Industrial machinery 30% Household appliances and metal goods 28% Building and infrastructure17% Mine Rutile Mill product Ti ingot Manufacturing scrap Mill scrap End-of-life products Use Ferrotitanium Ti sponge TiO 2 feed TiCl 4

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Statistical and Thermodynamic Optimization of Trace‐Element Modified Al‐Mg‐Si‐Cu Alloys

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Influence of Zn and Sn on the Precipitation Behavior of New Al–Mg–Si Alloys

Influence of Zn and Sn on the Precipitation Behavior of New Al–Mg–Si Alloys

The Materials Science behind Sustainable Metals and Alloys

Strategies for improving the sustainability of structural metals

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